Culture of Uttarakhand – Unveiling the True Essence of Dev Bhoomi

May 29, 2023

Culture-of-Uttarakhand-2 — Haridwar, Ganga, India

Dev Bhoomi, another name for Uttarakhand, has long served as the epicenter of religious and spiritual knowledge. Everywhere there is a celebration of Uttarakhand’s history, culture, and connection to religion. Here, a diverse range of cultures and races live in peace and harmony. The majority of the state is divided into the Garhwal and Kumaon areas. Jaunsaries, Tibetan refugees, and Bokshas are among the other residents.

History of Uttarakhand

Megaliths, Paleolithic age stone tools, ancient rock engravings, rock shelters, and other prehistoric artifacts demonstrate that the mountains in the region have been inhabited since prehistoric times. Furthermore, there are archaeological relics that show the presence of early humans. Moreover, there are archaeological remnants that demonstrate the presence of early Vedic practices (about 1500 BCE) in the region. Several lineages have ruled Uttarakhand at various points in time, including the Pauravas, Khasas, Kiratas, Nandas, Mauryas, Kushanas, Kunindas, Guptas, Karkotas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, Katyuris, Raikas, Chands, Parmars, or Panwars.

Architecture of Uttarakhand

The communities are naturally arranged in a long, linear layout to maximise the sun. Buildings are positioned in the graded terraces along the contours to disrupt the ground as little as possible. Stone is typically used for walls, while wood is frequently used for structural support and slate is frequently used for roofing. Cobs, which are hand-built, sun-dried blocks, are sometimes used as load-bearing walls. The buildings’ sloping roofs typically serve as rainwater channels. The chajjas are used over the windows to provide cover and rain protection. In order to conserve natural warmth, floors are kept low. For a similar justification, the height of the doors and windows is maintained extremely low. Due to their insulating qualities, clay and dung are widely used, keeping the rooms warm in the winter and cool in the summer. A mud paste is used to plaster the walls (both internal and external). Garhwal and Kumaon, the two main regions of Uttarakhand, have distinct architecture styles that have developed as a result of the variations in their regional languages, customs, and cultures.

Architecture of Uttarakhand-2 — Rishikesh

The Paun, Katuyari, Pawar, and Chand traditions were represented by the king who ensured the prosperity and security of the temples. The kings of Uttarakhand have a preference for building big temples that are often composed of wood and stone and embellished with fine carvings. Temples were occasionally decorated with elaborate peeth and aipan patterns. Both of them are rangoli-style patterns, the first constructed around the gods’ seated area and the second inside a temple’s sanctum sanctorum.The best attire and jewellery that could be found in the area were added to the deity’s sculpture, which was either made of stone or metal. The architecture of the temples was often created in the Nagara or Garhwal styles.

Culture of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is renowned for having exquisite Kumaoni and Garhwali cultures. What clearly distinguishes them are the diverse customs, faiths, fairs, festivals, folk dances, and music.

Garhwali, which also contains a number of dialects such as Jaunsari, Marchi, Jadhi, and Sailani, is the main language spoken here. In Garhwal, people come from all castes and ethnicities. They include the tribes of Garhwal, which include the Jaunsaris, Jadhs, Marchas, and Van Gujars, who live in the northern regions, and the Rajputs, who are thought to be of Aryan heritage.

Kumaiya, Gangola, Soryali, Sirali, Askoti, Danpuriya, Johari, Chaugarkhyali, Majh Kumaiya, Khasparjia, Pachhai, and Rauchaubhaisi are among the 13 dialects spoken in Kumaon. The Central Pahari languages constitute this linguistic family. Kumaon is particularly well-known for its folk literature, which features stories, heroes, heroines, and bravery as well as figures from the Ramayana and Mahabharatha. The most well-known dance style in Kumaon is called Chhalaria, and it has a connection to the area’s martial traditions. Even now, these traditional dance styles are still performed as part of the festivals that are all enthusiastically observed.

Traditional Dresses of Uttarakhand

Garhwali costumes have brilliant colours, heavy fabrics, and distinctive patterns.Men dress in a kurta, pyjamas, and a koti over the kurta. A Koti is a type of wool garment created in the Garhwal region to ward against the chilly winds.

The women cover their faces with brightly coloured headscarves, a flowy shirt, and a vibrant Koti on top of that. At these occasions, a Ghagra or lehenga made of wool or cotton is also worn.In Kumaoni customs, the bride dons the pichora, a crimson and holy golden headdress, at weddings. Both Kumaoni and Garhwali women wear long naths made of gold, red, and velvet.The “gul band” is a necklace worn by Garhwali

Festivals of Uttarakhand

There are three ways to celebrate Kumaoni Holi: Baithki Holi, Khari Holi, and Mahila Holi. This festival’s distinctive characteristic is the amount of music used to commemorate it.

A ceremony called Harela marks the arrival of monsoon weather. This festival is observed by Kumaon community members from July to August during the Shravan month. Bhitauli, which is observed in the months of Chaitra, or March–April, comes after this festival. Women sow seeds in the ground throughout the festival, and by the time it is over, they have reaped what is known as the harela harvest.

On the fifteenth day of the Baisakh month, which lasts from late March to early April, the Jageshwar fair is held in the temple of Lord Shiva in Jageshwar. At the fair, people swim in the Brahma Kund pool as a form of worship.

One of Uttarakhand’s largest and most well-known festivals is the Kumbh Mela. This event, known as the mela, lasts for three months and only occurs once every four years, rotating between Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik—that is, only once every 12 years in any one location.

Music & Dance of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand music refers to Kumoan and Garhwali songs. This region’s music is likewise influenced by nature. It discusses people’s lifestyles and cultural heritage. It also relates to festivals, religious rites, traditional stories, historical people, natural beauty, and so on. Dholkis, daur thalis, bhankoras, masakbhajas, paintings, harmoniums, and other traditional instruments are employed. Some well-known popular songs include “Bajuband,” which tells of love and sacrifice, “Chhura,” another type of love song, “Basanti,” about the seasons, “Jagars,” about legendary characters, “Khuded,” about a woman’s sorrows, and “Mangat,” which are songs sung during ceremonial ceremonies.

Kumaon and Garhwal in Uttarakhand execute numerous dance arts to worship their gods and goddesses. The greatest time to observe the performing arts of the Uttarakhand people is during festivals and fairs, when these dances contribute to the celebratory charm. The Bhotiya dance is the most prominent dance of the Bhotiya tribe. The dancers dress in traditional clothing and execute rituals throughout this performance. Another popular Uttarakhand dance that visitors appreciate is the Langvir Nritya, in which acrobats are solely performed by males. This dancing spectacle is enhanced by musicians playing various instruments. Barada Nati folk dance, Nritya Pandava, Dhurang, Dhuring, Chhura, and Chapeli are all major dance genres.

Traditional Food of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand’s food, like its people, is simple but excellent. Kumaon and Garhwal, two separate areas, provide palates of flavorful foods that are also strong in nutrients. The state’s cuisine is carefully selected to not only thrill the taste senses but also to make the most of the resources available. A well-balanced flavour is the key to traditional Uttarakhandi cuisine, which is primarily prepared over a low fire and includes lentils. While Kumaon and Garhwal are split into various regions, their culinary styles and ingredients are similar. There are also numerous foods that are widespread in both areas but have distinct names. Along with the changing of the seasons, the state’s culinary preferences also alter. For example, while Mathir and Til Laddus or Madua Rotis are popular in the winter, Dubkas and Chholia Rotis are popular in the summer.

Traditional Food-of-Uttarakhand-01 — Snack in Uttarakhand

The state’s distinctive lentils and a variety of barley and buckwheat flours are the primary ingredients of Uttarakhand cuisine, which are also known for their delectable flavour and aroma. Garwhal meal is prepared with just the right amount of spices, luring one to savour it. Phanu, Kafuli, Thechwani, Chainsoo, etc are examples of Garhwali cuisine. Aaloo Gutuk, Dubke, Thathwani, Kaapa, Sisunaak Saag, etc are among the delightful delicacies of Kumaon. Side dishes are as significant in Uttarakhand and are consequently made with great care. Bhangeera ki Chutney, Mooli Thechuwa, and Hara Namak are some of the sides that complement the flavour of main course meals. The melting-in-your-mouth deserts of Uttarakhand, such as Singal-Puha, Jhangora ki Kheer, Singodi, and Baal Mithai, round out the gourmet excursion.

Art & Craft of Uttarakhand

The state of Uttarakhand is home to a wide variety of art and craft, all of which need close examination. Several different arts and crafts, including painting, woodcarving, jewellery, candlemaking, and ornamental temples, have contributed to Uttarakhand’s rich cultural legacy. The most well-liked craft in the state of Uttarakhand is wood carving. Each Garhwali home has a finely made wooden entry gate.

Among the most impressive wood-carved structures are the Chandpur fort, Srinagar Temple, Pandukeshwar, Devi Madin, and the Temple of Devalgarh. Then there are the fine arts, which include Peeth, Aipan, and miniature paintings. Even though Mughal art had a strong effect on miniature painting, Uttarakhand has its own unique painting style known as the Garhwal Style. Aipan and Peeth, on the other hand, are folk arts that women generally perform in their homes.

A lot of people know Uttarakhand for its ornaments. The copper smiths in the area known as Tamtas are renowned for producing some of the most exquisite and gorgeous copper decorations in addition to the regional silver and gold ornaments. They produce gorgeous pieces that showcase their superb craftsmanship.

women that resembles the modern choker.

Occupation in Uttarakhand

Occupation of Uttarakhand — Image Source

Agriculture plays a key role in Uttarakhand’s economy, as it does in most of India, making it the state’s primary profession. Subsistence farming is practised in the majority of Uttarakhand due to its colourful topography and varied agro-climatic endowments. Mixed cropping is employed in Uttarakhand’s steep regions, while single crops are cultivated there. In Uttarakhand, a variety of crops are cultivated extensively, including wheat, coarse cereals, pulses, soybeans, and oil seeds.

There are numerous cultures and festivals in Uttarakhand. Here, residents from all across the nation have made permanent homes, enriching the region’s cultural heritage. It is the ideal location for anyone who wishes to learn more about Hinduism or enjoy the mesmerising Himalayan scenery.

Jadopatia Painting – Expressive Folk Art of Jharkhand

Gayathri Thatavarthi

May 27, 2023

Art has been an integral part of human society since time immemorial. Every region in the world has a unique artistic tradition, which is an expression of its cultural heritage. Jharkhand is not known for being a prominent arts and crafts hub in India, but it has a rich tribal culture and several art forms that have evolved over centuries. The art and crafts of Jharkhand reflects the region’s unique cultural identity, and it is a blend of traditional and contemporary styles. From intricate wood carvings to the vibrant and beautiful Jadopatia paintings, Jharkhand’s art is a diverse category. This article shall focus on the Jadopatia style of art in Jharkhand.

History of Jadopatia Paintings

The Jadopatia art style is one style of Patachitra paintings. It evolved from the Santhal tribe who supposedly migrated to Jharkhand centuries ago. The paintings are made by a community of painters amongst the Santhals known as ‘Jadopatuas’ or ‘magic painters’. The individual painters are known as ‘Chitrakars’, meaning ‘image-makers’, and are respected amongst their tribesmen for their expertise in the art, and for their traditional story-telling skills. The art has been passed down through generations for centuries, and is practised even today.

The Jadopatia paintings are originally scroll paintings that are a part of a long tradition of story-telling, with a bard narrating a story that the Jadopatia scroll illustrated. As the story was narrated, the scroll would be unravelled gradually, representing the scenes relevant to the story at the particular point. This was a form of entertainment and education amongst the Santhals. Additionally, the artists were known to have the ability to help give salvation to dead souls. The jadopatias also earned by visiting houses in which funerals happened. They narrated a story of the woes of the dead man’s soul. After a certain payment, either of money or of gifts like grain or pulses, he would present scrolls and narrate a story where the dead man was content and in paradise, and this helped the family deal with their loss.

Jadopatia Painting Themes and Style

The paintings are vivid and colourful, yet minimalist, representing scenes from the daily life and celebrations of the Santhals to those from Indian mythology and the ideas of afterlife, both in Santhal traditions and Hindu traditions, and have a thick, intricate border. The eyes of the characters in the paintings are usually large and widened, giving a dramatic appeal to it. The features of the characters in the paintings understandably resemble those of the Santhals themselves, and gives the art a unique look.

Jadopatia Painting Process

Traditionally, Jadopatia paintings are made on palm leaves, and the brushes are made of goat or squirrel hair on a porcupine quill. However, now, the paintings are made with commercially available brushes and on paper or canvas, since the art of scroll paintings for storytelling has declined. The colours are made of natural elements, from tree barks and vegetables to minerals. The juices from the different elements of vegetation, like leaves, flowers and barks, were cooked till they reached the right consistency of paint. They are then mixed with the gum obtained from the bark of the babul tree to thicken it further.

First, the artists begin with sketching the outline of the figures in the painting roughly with a pencil, and then, fill it in with the traditionally made colours. In the end, the border is filled in with a specific colour, which is usually red for representations of scenes from Indian mythology.

Jadopatia Paintings Present State

The present state of the Jadopatia artists is far from good. The art has lost its popularity, as a result of the decline in the interest in traditional crafts, and also as a result in the decline of the singing – storytelling tradition, with the evolution of more modern forms of entertainment. As a result, continuing the tradition of this art is not a lucrative option, and very few artists are left today. Most artists have given up on the art and have taken up jobs like carpentry, metal work, and physical labour. Younger generations are discouraged from getting into the craft and are told to find more lucrative jobs, or do so themselves.

The art itself has evolved to meet the demands of the market today- evolving from the scroll art complementing storytelling it originally was to an art by itself, made on individual sheets of paper or canvas for display. In addition, the materials have also changed amongst some artists,, with commercially available brushes and paints being used instead of the traditional goat hair brushes and natural colours. However, the art has still not gotten its due recognition, with the governments, both at the state and central level ignoring the woes of the artists and the uniqueness of the art.

Final Thoughts

The Jadopatia paintings are one of the most beautiful forms of traditional folk painting- they aptly represent Indian folk culture in a visually appealing and pleasant form.. However, in this age of fast paced globalisation and modernisation, traditions of yore are no longer valued. We must recognise the value of all forms of traditional art, especially from pockets of what aren’t considered top tourist destinations, because these art forms aren’t given anything close to their due recognition. We must improve our awareness of India’s rich folk heritage, and so must the government, so that these art forms are duly valued and that the artists continue having an incentive to practise the arts and crafts that make our culture unique.

Etikoppaka Toys – Andhra’s Heritage in Wood

Gayathri Thatavarthi

May 27, 2023

Etikoppaka-Toys-Informatiom — Image – Apoorva Weaves N Crafts

Toys are an essential part of a childhood. However, toys are much more than just children’s playthings- they are also a long-lived constant in the crafts throughout the ages in India. The Indus Valley Civilizations produced the earliest known toys in India some 5,000 years ago, and a long, uninterrupted legacy of toy production has persisted ever since in many parts of the country. Traditional Indian toys span a wide range of styles, materials and themes- including toys made of clay, bamboo, wood, and stone representing themes from mythology to rural life. Sometimes, these are simple playthings like rattles and loops, but the history of traditional toy making is something that can be appreciated by everyone.

History of Etikoppaka Toys

Andhra Pradesh is known for its traditional styles of toys, one of which is the Etikoppaka style of crafting toys. These toys are named after the quaint village of Etikoppaka on the banks of the Varaha river in the Visakhapatnam district, where they are primarily made. The village has over twelve thousand inhabitants, with more than two hundred artisan families involved in the craft. The Etikoppaka toys’ history dates back about four hundred years. The artisans, evidently originally from Nakkapalli, a village about 25 kilometres from Etikoppaka, were said to have been making temple carts when the zamindars under the Vijayanagara empire started patronising them by paying them to make wooden toys for their children. The artisans later migrated to Etikoppaka, owing to the abundance of the soft wood needed for the toys.

Today, while the epicentre is still Etikoppaka, the toys are made all over Andhra Pradesh, with centres for toy making also in the villages of Kottam, Kailasapatnam, Rolugunta and K.D.Pet.

Process of Making Etikoppaka Toys

Etikoppaka toys are unique, both in terms of appearance and the process in which they are crafted. The toys are vibrantly coloured and have a subtle sheen, which enhances the beauty of the different colours. They also have no sharp edges- making them safe for children. The themes that Etikoppaka toys cover include that of mythology, rural life, and traditional celebrations, like weddings, aptly representing the culture of Andhra Pradesh and India. Their simple, childlike beauty also epitomises rural life.

The toys are made of the ‘Ankudi karra’ tree, telugu for the Wrightia Tinctoria tree. The tree is favoured for its very soft and light coloured wood and grows in abundance in the region. Small pieces of the wood are cut from the tree, and then, they are kept on a wood-turner and crafted according to the shape of the individual component of the toys with a chisel. This step was done by hand earlier, but the machine has helped the artisans by reducing precious time and energy. This process is still not easy- it requires an axe-like tool and five different kinds of chisels. The sawdust leftover from the woodcarving is not wasted- the artisans mix it with neem leaf, cow dung and sambrani, a resin based incense, to make an effective mosquito repellant. Small pieces of wood that cannot be utilised otherwise are carved into little beads.

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Lepakshi Wood Etikoppaka Toys Figurine

After the step of carving and smoothening, solid lacquer mixed with natural dyes is pressed against the toys while still on the woodturner. The friction melts the lacquer and it liquifies, colouring the wood. This step lends the Etikoppaka toys their distinct sheen and requires an excellent eye- a mistake will result in uneven colouring and sheen of the wood. The natural dyes used are obtained from tree bark and vegetables, which are mixed with lac, a resinous mixture made of the secretions of several insects. Then, artists smoothen the toys with emery paper and assemble the components. The final finishing is given with the powder of the ‘mogali’ leaf, a plant that grows mainly in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh.

Recognition for Etikoppaka Toys

The unique beauty of Etikoppaka toys has not gone unrecognised. Etikoppaka toys were conferred a GI tag in 2017, meaning they cannot be manufactured outside their traditional domain. The government has also conferred the Padma Shri on Shri Chintalapati Venkatapathi Raju, an Etikoppaka artisan who has helped preserve and develop the craft earlier this year. He was also hailed in the Prime minister’s ‘Mann Ki Baat’ for preserving the traditional toy industry, and for his plans to establish an interpretation centre for facilitating the exchange of knowledge specifically in the field of traditional toys and crafts.

Current State of Etikoppaka Toys

Etikoppaka toys remain popular as ever; they are standard display pieces in Telugu households. However, there are also problems faced by the craftsmen. While the demand for the craft is high, the middlemen, who take over most of the area of sales and marketing, get the most profit. Apart from this, there is also the problem of the scarcity of the specific softwood required for this- the artisans are having to pay a tax due to the scarcity of the wood. Another problem is the inadequate power supply in these villages of rural Andhra, when power supply is necessary to run the woodturners. The artisans also have to adapt to the designs expected in the modern market, though they have done a good job already, by expanding to bangles, hanging ornaments, kumkum holders and other everyday objects.

Conclusion

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Lepakshi Etikoppaka Bridal Set Small

Etikoppaka toys are extremely popular in the Telugu states, but the artisans still do not get their dues a lot of times. Hence, there must be efforts made by the government, non-governmental organisations and laymen to provide platforms for artisans to sell their craft and retain most of the profit so that they are given incentive to continue this tradition of traditional toy-making with age-old methods in this age of globalisation and lifeless automation.

A Step-by-Step Guide on Making Your Instagram Account Private

Cscope Staff

May 26, 2023

Instagram provides privacy settings that allow users to control who can view their posts and interact with their account. By making your Instagram account private, you can limit access to your content to only approved followers, ensuring a more secure and intimate social media experience. In this guide, we will walk you through the step-by-step process of making your Instagram account private, giving you the tools to protect your privacy and control your online presence. You can also buy Instagram likes to increase them.

Step 1: Launching the Instagram App:

Open the Instagram app on your mobile device.
If you are not automatically logged in, enter your login credentials (username and password) to access your Instagram account.

Step 2: Navigating to the Profile Settings:

Once you are logged in, tap on the profile icon located in the bottom-right corner of the screen. This will take you to your Instagram profile.

Step 3: Opening the Settings Menu:

On your profile page, tap on the three horizontal lines, often referred to as the “hamburger” icon, located in the top-right corner of the screen.
A menu will slide out from the side. Scroll down and select the “Settings” option at the bottom of the list.

Step 4: Accessing the Privacy Settings:

Within the Settings menu, scroll down and tap on the “Privacy” option.
This will take you to the Privacy settings page, where you can manage various aspects of your Instagram account’s privacy.

Step 5: Setting Your Account to Private:

On the Privacy settings page, locate the “Account Privacy” section.
Tap on the “Private Account” option to enable it. When enabled, your Instagram account becomes private, and only approved followers can view your posts and interact with your account.

Step 6: Approving Follow Requests:

After enabling the private account setting, you will receive follow requests from users who want to view your content.
To approve or deny these requests, return to your profile page and tap on the “Followers” count located below your bio.
You will see a list of pending follow requests. Tap on each request to approve or deny it.

Step 7: Adjusting Additional Privacy Settings (Optional):

If desired, you can further enhance your privacy by adjusting additional settings on the Privacy settings page.
Options such as “Story,” “Comments,” and “Messages” allow you to control who can view your stories, comment on your posts, and send you direct messages.

You can also increase your follower growth on Instagram by buy Instagram followers.

The significance of Instagram followers extends far beyond what meets the eye. When users stumble upon an account, one of the first factors they consider before deciding to hit that follow button is the number of followers already present.

Even if you possess expertise in your niche, without a substantial follower count to validate your authority, it becomes challenging to garner attention. Instagram thrives on numbers, and your follower count plays a vital role in establishing your presence on the platform.

Whether you are a new account aiming to gain momentum quickly or an established account seeking a boost, there are numerous compelling reasons to consider to buy Instagram followers. By opting to buy Instagram followers UAE or from other area, you can expect the delivery of organic followers within minutes of placing your order. This instant boost can propel your account’s growth and enhance your overall online presence.

Conclusion:

Protecting your privacy on social media is essential, and by making your Instagram account private, you can control who has access to your posts and interactions. By following the step-by-step guide outlined above, you can easily navigate through the settings and ensure that only approved followers can view your content. Remember, you have the flexibility to change your privacy settings at any time if you wish to make your account public again or adjust specific privacy

Delving into GI Tagged Products of Odisha

Gayathri Thatavarthi

May 26, 2023

Nestled on the eastern coast of India, the culturally rich state of Odisha has long been celebrated for its vibrant heritage, ancient temples, and diverse traditions. However, Odisha’s unique identity extends beyond its architectural wonders and festivities, encompassing a treasure trove of exquisite products that reflect the state’s exceptional craftsmanship and artistic prowess. From intricate handloom textiles and vibrant handicrafts to mouthwatering culinary delights and exquisite silver filigree, Odisha boasts an array of distinctive creations that have garnered global acclaim, some of which have been conferred the much sought after GI or Geographical Indication Tag.

The GI tag

The GI tag is a certification given to products of a unique geographical origin, or products that possess a unique quality owing to their origin. The tags are issued by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

1. Kotpad handloom fabric

GI-Tagged-Products-of-Odisha-Kotpad-handloom-fabric — Image – Indu Boutique

The Kotpad fabric was the first product from Odisha to receive the GI tag, in 2005. It is made exclusively by the Mirgan tribe in Odisha. Their hub is the Kotpad village in the Koraput district of Odisha. The fabric is known for its vivid organic colours derived from the aul tree and the unique motifs it uses, using traditional elements of not only the Mirgan tribe but other neighbouring tribes. The elements also include various natural elements of Odisha, like the conch and the sea. The fabric used is usually Kotpad Tussar, and the product’s beauty and quality cannot be achieved elsewhere in the country.

2. Pipili Applique Work

Odisha's GI Tagged Products-Pipili applique work — Image Source

The Pipili applique work of Odisha comes from the village of Pipili in Odisha. It began as a tradition to make decorations and ornate luxuries for the holy trio of the Jagannath temple in Puri, Lord Jagannath, Bhalabadra and Lady Subhadra. Pipili artists were employed for their works for the Jagannath Rath Yatra, where they made a variety of cushions, umbrellas and ornamental covers, including the huge canvas that covers the chariots of the Rath Yatra. The Pipili artists were recognised for the largest applique work created by the Limca book of records, when a 57 metre applique work portraying India’s freedom struggle was made in 2004. It was awarded the GI tag in 2008.

3. Kandhamal Haldi

GI-Tagged-Products-of-Odisha-Kandhamal-Haldi — Image Source

The Haldi or Turmeric of the Kandhamal district of Odisha is famous for its rich, high quality turmeric, grown by the local tribal farmers of the district. The turmeric traces its excellent quality to the intrinsically organic cultivation practices of the tribals. It grows without minimum human interference, some of which includes rites and prayers to make the turmeric yellow and vibrant. It also provides livelihood to several thousands of tribals, making it an important and unique industry. It received the GI tag in 2019.

4. Pattachitra Art of Odisha

GI Tagged Products of Odisha-Pattachitra Art of Odisha — Image – Wikimedia

The Pattachitra art of Odisha traces its origins to a beautiful story of devotion. According to legend, the deities of the Jagannath temple are taken for a ritualistic bath on the birthday of Lord Jagannath, the full moon day of the Jyeshta month. Then, the deities fall sick for a fortnight, when devotees cannot have Darshan of their beloved lord. The Pattachitra art of Odisha began as a way for devotees to see and rejoice at the sight of their Lord even during this period. The Village of Raghurajpur located in close proximity to Puri, is known for being the hub for this art form. It is said that every family here has at least one chitrakar or ‘creator of the image’. It was awarded the GI tag in 2008.

5. Bomkai sarees

GI-Tagged-Products-of-Odisha-Bomkai-sarees — Image – Wikimedia

The Bomkai Sarees of Odisha are known for their low count, coarse, heavy cotton fabric dyed with intensely vivid colours. The Bomkai sarees are usually decorated with floral or geometric themes and have a very contrasting pallu. There is also an extensive usage of dot patterns. The Bomkai saree has its origins in the village of Bomkai in the Ganjam district of Odisha, and its production and style is unique to this region. The GI tag was awarded to the Bomkai saree in 2009.

6. Odisha Rasagola

GI-Tagged-Products-of-Odisha-Rasagola — Image – Wikimedia

The famous Rasagola, fought over by two states, Odisha and West Bengal, was individually awarded two GI tags, one for the ‘Bangla Rasogolla’ in 2017, and another for the Odisha Rasagola in 2019, following Odisha’s application for GI tag. Two tags have been awarded GI tag in two very different regions, and though it may seem strange, it is with good reason. The Odia Rasagola has its origins as a prasad for Lord Jagannath, and the technique and taste varies quite a bit from the Bengali Rasogolla. The Odia Rasagola is light brown, owing to the caramelisation of sugar in the procedure, while the Bengali one is white, because it involves usage of sugar syrup with no caramelisation.

Conclusion

The world of Odisha’s unique GI-tagged products offers a glimpse into the state’s rich cultural heritage and unparalleled craftsmanship. From the painstaking Pipili art to the simplicity and beauty of the Turmeric farming in Kandhamal, these products stand as shining examples of the skill, dedication, and creativity of the people of this region. The Geographical Indication (GI) tag not only recognizes the distinctiveness of these products but also ensures their protection and promotes the economic growth of local communities. However, with many products not just from Odisha, but from the whole of the country awaiting their due recognition. These too, shall hopefully soon be granted to preserve the unique beauty of indigenous Indian products.

The Mewar Ramayana – A Landmark in Indian Painting

Soma Ghosh

May 26, 2023

#Didyouknow that the Mewar Ramayana, an illustrated manuscript from the 17th century is a landmark in the history of Indian painting? And that you can see it online?

The-Mewar-Ramayana-Maharana-Jagat-Singh-I — Maharana Jagat Singh I, painting from Mewar, Rajasthan. – Wikimedia

This is a historic illustrated set of the great epic and was commissioned by Maharana Jagat Singh (r.1628-1652), of the kingdom of Mewar, who had a royal studio at Udaipur from where he ruled. Mewar included Chittorgarh, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Pratapgarh, Rajsamand and Pirawa Tehsil of Jhalawar District of Rajasthan, Neemuch and Mandsaur of Madhya Pradesh and some parts of present-day Gujarat.

Painting at Mewar

The-Mewar-Ramayana-Palace-at-Udaipur — **Palace at Udaipur,** built by the Sisodia Rajputs. – Wikimedia

Mewar has a history of paintings made in the 16th century of texts like the Bhagavata Purana and Jayadeva’s Geeta Govinda.

A noted artwork related to Mewar is the Chawand Ragamala commissioned by Rana Amar Singh in circa 1605 while in exile, executed by Nisardin or Naseeruddin. The son of Amar Singh and grandson Karan Singh born in 1584 attended the Mughal court, so also Jagat Singh who was born in 1605. Karan Singh accompanied Prince Khurram on his Deccan expeditions in 1616. Jagat Singh had his first Mughal experience in 1615 at Ajmer and had impressed Jahangir. Jagat Singh noted that the Mughals made lavish illustrated manuscripts of the accomplishments of their ancestors.

The-Mewar-Ramayana-manuscript-1653 — Ramayana manuscript, dated to circa 1653. – Wikimedia

It is notable that Akbar had got translated the Ramayana and Mahabharata into Persian with illustrations. A Rasamanjari illustrated set was made around 1620-25 in Mewar. Portraiture of the rulers were executed as well. Mewar has produced another notable Ragamala set executed by Sahibdin in 1628. Artist Sahibdin executed a Gita Govinda and two Rasikpriya works in 1630s. There is also a simple illustrated Rajput Ramayana from Central India from 1640 of which Jagat Singh was probably not aware.

The-Mewar-Ramayana-Rama,-Sita-and-Lakshmana-leave-for-exile — Rama going to exile with Sita and Lakshmana, as King Dasaratha and his queens bid farewell, from Ayodhya Kanda, painting by Sahibdin, dated to circa 1650. picryl.com

The Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar consider Lord Rama as their ancestor and call themselves Suryavamshis; of solar ancestry. This might have inspired Jagat Singh to take up illustrating the Ramayana on a huge grandiose scale and he commissioned in 1649 what came to be known as the Mewar Ramayana which was finished in 1653, after his passing away in 1652.

The-Mewar-Ramayana-Rama-and-Sita-setting-up-their-hut-in-Panchvati — Rama and Sita setting up their hut in Panchvati, from Aranya Kanda, dated to circa 1649 – 1653. Wikimedia

Later Rana Raj Singh and his son Jai Singh continued production of paintings but mostly monotonous copies of texts like the Mahabharata. A Ragamala set was made under Jai Singh’s son Amar Singh II. During the 18th and 19th centuries, portraiture, festival and hunting scenes dominated painting at Mewar.

The Ramayana

The-Mewar-Ramayana-Ram-and-Lakshmana-arrive-at-Lake-Pampa — Rama and Lakshmana arrive at Lake Pampa (now Hampi, Vijayanagara), Hanuman finds them, from Kiskindha kanda, dated to circa 1653. Wikimedia

The Ramayana is one of India’s great epics, the other being Mahabharata. It is the story of the prince of Ayodhya, Rama, of the ancient kingdom of Kosala in North India. Ramayana or ‘Rama’s journey’ is attributed to the sage Valmiki and was composed some two and a half thousand years ago. Prince Rama was exiled for fourteen years, during which time his wife Sita Devi is kidnapped by Ravana, the demon king of Lanka.

The main story is about how she is rescued by Rama, his brother Lakshmana who accompanies him on his exile, with the help of Hanuman and the monkey army and Rama’s jubilant comeback to Ayodhya. It is interspersed with many sub stories. The enduring epic has over 20,000 verses which continued to reverberate across generations and became part of the Hindu ethos. The story embodies the Hindu ideal of dharma, Rama being the ideal man, Lakshmana the ideal brother and wife of Lord Rama, Sita Devi a role model of fidelity and conjugal love. The Ramayana is divided into seven sections called Kandas; Balakanda, Ayodhyakaṇḍa, Aranyakanda, Kishkindakanda, Sundarakanda, Yuddhakanda and Uttarakanda.

The Mewar Ramayana

Hanuman-is-brought-bound-before-Ravana-and-his-tail-set-on-fire — Hanuman is brought bound before Ravana and his tail set on fire, from Sundara Kanda. Mewar-Deccani style, dated to circa 1650. Wikimedia

A stunning manuscript with exquisite illustrations which depict episodes from the great Indian epic Ramayana. It was executed between 1649 and 1653 at Udaipur, in Mewar by the atelier of Rana Jagat Singh. More than 400 illustrations were made of the epic. The work is divided into seven books and the scribe of the text is a Jain, Mahatma Hirananda. Several artists have worked on the manuscript, the most famous being Sahibdin, a master at the Udaipur studio. As already mentioned, he is known for his other paintings of the Geeta Govinda and Bhagavata Purana.

The masterpieces of the second and sixth volumes of the Ramayana are his contribution. These volumes depict excellent details and structure of composition which has not been surpassed in Rajput painting. The style of the paintings is Mewar-Mughal. There is influence of Deccan painting as well in the set of paintings. Art historian Vidya Dehejia notes of the narrative styles in the manuscript – the protagonist appears only once and meant to be participating in different events, events are depicted continuously and within a single frame, a single main event or episode is depicted or multiple events are depicted in a single frame.

Mewar Ramayana online

The-Mewar-Ramayana-Hanuman-disturbs-the-inhabitants-of-Himalayas — Hanuman disturbs the inhabitants of the Himalaya mountains when fetching herbs to cure Laksmana who had been wounded by Ravana, Yuddha Kanda. Painted by Sahibdin, dated to circa 1652. blogs.bl.uk

Most volumes of the manuscript were gifted to Colonel James Tod (an East India Company official posted in Rajputana and who went back to England in 1823), by Rana Bhim Singh of Mewar.He gave them to the Duke of Sussex. Later the manuscript was purchased by the British Museum at a sale by the Pall Mall in 1944. These are now preserved at the British Library, London.

The British Library says –

The-Mewar-Ramayana-In-Sage-Valmiki’s-hermitage,-Lava-and-Kusha-recite-the-story-of-Rama-before-Shatrughna,-from-Uttara-Kanda,-painted-by-Manohar,-dated-to-circa-1653-f — In Sage Valmiki’s hermitage, Lava and Kusha recite the story of Rama before Shatrughna, from Uttara Kanda, painted by Manohar, dated to circa 1653. Wikimedia

“This manuscript is also the most heavily illustrated Ramayana known, originally containing perhaps as many as 450 paintings. The large format of each individual painting is also remarkable. This was one of the greatest manuscript projects ever undertaken in India and required close collaboration between teams of painters, although a single scribe copied the text. Little wonder that the manuscript took five years to complete, from 1649 to 1653.”

Some parts are in Indian institutions like the CVSMS, Mumbai, Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery, Vadodara and in a private collection. However, given new technology, now it has been digitally reunited after being in different places, in the UK and India for 200 years and put online.

Check out this classic and amazing manuscript of the great epic Ramayana and relive the timeless story by clicking on the link below (works better on a desktop or standard laptop) – https://www.bl.uk/ramayana

References –

http://www.bl.uk/ramayana (accessed on 08.04.2022)
https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/ramayana/(accessed on 08.04.2022)
Losty J. P (2008) The Ramayana; love and valour in India’s great epic, New Delhi; Niyogi Books.
https://smarthistory.org/mewar-ramayana/(accessed 10.4.2022)

Links to the images

https://blogs.bl.uk/.a/6a00d8341c464853ef01a3fcda8ac5970b-pi
https://blogs.bl.uk/.a/6a00d8341c464853ef01a3fcda8bed970b-pi
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1653_CE_Ramayana_manuscript…
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ramayana_manuscript…
https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2014/04/curators-perspective…
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Palace,_Udaipur

Business Communication with Innovative Technology

Cscope Staff

May 26, 2023

Enabling Secure Business Correspondence with Inventive Innovationist is presently easier than any time in recent memory to associate with individuals around the world, team up continuously, and make connections in view of successful correspondence on account of current information room administrations and correspondence advancements. This is basic for protecting trust and projecting an expert picture.

We can check out at the significance of present day business correspondence from a few viewpoints:

Expanded efficiency: Present day specialized devices, for example, email, video conferencing, and texting permit groups to convey rapidly and successfully, working with quicker navigation and expanded efficiency.

Further developing consumer loyalty: Clear and opportune correspondence with clients through different channels can assist with building trust and steadfastness.

Worldwide reach: New correspondence advances permit organizations to contact worldwide crowds and team up with accomplices, providers, and clients all over the planet, setting out extra open doors for development and extension. A genuine model is online information room programming, which makes joint effort a lot quicker and more secure.

However, not every person is anxious to progress with the times; certain individuals are as yet moderate and far-fetched of headway. They commonly run into issues when organizations keep on depending on old-fashioned specialized strategies, for example, calls, fax machines, and paper-based frameworks. These strategies create setbacks and miscommunication since they are awkward, insufficient, and inclined to botches.

Problems That Can Arise Due to Traditional Methods

A short rundown of the downsides welcomed on by obsolete correspondence methods is given underneath: Conventional correspondence processes take time and require difficult work, which dials back work process and brings down efficiency.

There is a restricted inventory. It’s trying to associate with individuals who are not in a similar actual space because of the overall setting limitations of virtual entertainment informing or up close and personal gatherings. Unfortunate documentation. Documentation is a basic part of present day business and customary documentation from old times is quite possibly of the most horrendously terrible thing you can imagine in business and business monetary displaying. You really want to comprehend that it should be continually worked on to work on the exhibition of the entire organization.

This proposes the end that you really want to improve and adjust present day conditions to your business continually. Any other way, your business will fizzle until the second when it at last leaves the traction of market relations.

The Proper Selection

VDRs are interconnected by different objectives and targets. In a more shallow manner, the VDR permits you to safely store different sorts of classified reports and offer them with confirmed people. Most frequently, the innovation is utilized during the time spent consolidations and acquisitions or other corporate deals, which is described by expanded utilization of records and different papers.

Choosing a VDR merchant, focus on the safety efforts and other significant focuses to guarantee that they meet your particular necessities and prerequisites. To assist you with picking astutely, think about the accompanying advances:

Art for Everyone: How Cryptocurrencies are Democratizing the Art Market

Caleidoscope

May 23, 2023

Understanding the Traditional Art Market

The Elitism in the Art Market

Historically, art has been viewed as a reserved space for the wealthy and the elite. Renowned galleries, influential critics, and affluent collectors often dictate the art landscape. Art auctions are usually full of high bidders, with some artworks selling for astronomical amounts. This has made the art market appear insular, with many budding artists finding it hard to get their work showcased or sold and many enthusiasts unable to afford the high prices of valued pieces.

Barriers to Entry

The traditional art market is characterized by various obstacles that deter entry. The high cost of artwork and the expenses involved in insurance and maintenance means that only a fraction of society can partake. More transparency in pricing and provenance also poses a significant challenge. Fraud and counterfeit pieces further exacerbate the problem, making it difficult to ascertain artworks’ authenticity.

Enter Cryptocurrency: A Game Changer

The Concept of Crypto

Cryptocurrency, a digital or virtual currency, is secured by cryptography, making it nearly impossible to double-spend or counterfeit. Cryptocurrencies operate on blockchain, a decentralized system that manages and records transactions across many computers. This concept of decentralization is now shaking up the art world. If you are interested in any specific cryptocurrencies head on over to CEX.IO.

The Impact of Cryptocurrency on the Art Market

Cryptocurrencies are fundamentally altering the structure of the art market. They enable a decentralized platform for art transactions, allowing artists and buyers to interact directly. This bypasses the need for intermediaries like galleries and auction houses, thus reducing associated costs. Furthermore, smart contracts ensure transparent and tamper-proof record keeping, increasing market transparency.

Blockchain and Art: The Emergence of Crypto Art

What is Crypto Art?

Crypto art, sometimes known as NFT art, is a genre where blockchain technology is used to prove ownership and authenticity of digital artworks. It allows digital artists to create, tokenize, and sell their work online directly to consumers, receiving payment in the form of cryptocurrency. This opens up a world of possibilities for digital artists, whose works have historically been difficult to monetize due to the ease of replication.

NFTs: Revolutionizing Ownership and Authenticity

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a unique type of cryptographic token representing something special, like digital artwork. NFTs are revolutionizing art by creating digital scarcity and establishing provenance through blockchain. Each NFT has metadata detailing the specifics of each piece, including the artist’s name, creation date, and transaction history. This provides buyers with incontrovertible proof of authenticity and ownership.

Case Study: Beeple and the NFT Boom

Who is Beeple?

Beeple, or Mike Winkelmann, is a digital artist who took the art world by storm through his innovative use of NFTs. He rose to global fame when he sold an NFT of his digital artwork, “Everyday: The First 5000 Days,” for $69 million at Christie’s auction house. This was a record-breaking sale and the third-highest auction price achieved for a living artist at the time.

Beeple’s Impact on the Crypto Art Scene

The astronomical sale of Beeple’s artwork has drawn global attention to the crypto art scene. His success has inspired a new generation of digital artists to explore the realm of crypto art, demonstrating the potential for monetization and the medium’s widespread recognition. Beeple’s impact has signaled a seismic shift in the art world, heralding a new era where digital art is as valuable and sought after as physical art.

The Opportunities and Challenges Ahead

Benefits of Crypto Art

Crypto art and NFTs democratize the art market by reducing entry barriers for artists and collectors. They are opening new revenue streams for digital artists and giving collectors access to a broader range of artworks at different price points. They also offer the potential for art to be more interactive, with some NFTs including access to additional content or experiences.

Potential Risks and Criticisms

Despite the potential advantages, crypto art is not without its critics. Environmentalists are concerned about the high energy consumption of the blockchain networks that support cryptocurrencies and NFTs. Critics also worry about the potential for a speculative bubble in the NFT market, as seen with other crypto assets. Moreover, the question of copyright and intellectual property rights in the digital realm remains contentious.

Future Implications and Predictions for Crypto Art

Crypto art has made significant strides quickly, impacting the traditional art landscape while creating a new digital art ecosystem. As we look forward, it’s essential to understand the potential future implications and trends that might shape this exciting sector.

Mass Adoption and Increased Accessibility

With increased awareness and understanding of cryptocurrencies and NFTs, we can expect an accelerated adoption rate of crypto art. As more artists and collectors embrace this technology, the art market could become more accessible and democratized. Moreover, the rise of online art platforms that support crypto transactions will likely drive this mass adoption.

Integration of Virtual and Augmented Reality

As technology advances, we might see closer integration of crypto art with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies. Artists could create immersive digital art experiences, revolutionizing how we consume and interact with art.

Evolution of Copyright and IP Laws

The digital nature of crypto art presents challenges regarding copyright and intellectual property laws. As the field matures, we may see changes in these laws to protect digital artists and their creations better.

Environmental Considerations

Given the significant criticism about the environmental impact of crypto art, there’s likely to be a push toward more sustainable practices in the sector. This could include the adoption of more energy-efficient consensus mechanisms in blockchain technology.

Conclusion

While the crypto art market is still in its infancy, it is clear that cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology are disrupting and democratizing the art market. They provide new opportunities for artists and collectors alike by breaking down barriers. As we navigate this exciting frontier, it will be essential to address the challenges that arise and ensure that the democratization of art benefits all players involved, not just a select few.

Kathak Dance – An Elegant Art of Storytelling

Rupsha Sen

May 19, 2023

Indian Classical dances are a fundamental pillar of the country’s culture and traditions. There are eight classical dances, each a mesmerizing creation of creative and artistic renditions. One such stronghold of Indian art forms is Kathak dance. Kathak, like the other classical dance forms, is much more than just an expression of art. Its origins, history, evolution, as well as, the skill in its performances is a culmination of creativity, mythology, spirituality, philosophy, and science. Each movement means something and is performed in tandem with a rhythm and flow of the body.

What is Kathak?

Kathak comes from the Sanskrit word ‘Katha’, which means story or conversation. The Kathak dancers were kathakars or storytellers who traveled in northern India. They moved from place to place telling stories about Gods, Goddesses, epics, mythologies, and more. The dance form thus involves the unfolding of a tale that is best expressed with the distinct expressions of the dancers. The Kathak dancers are known to have excellent hand and feet work, besides bodily flexibility and expressive facial movements.

History of Kathak Dance

Kathak can be traced back to 400 BCE. Natya Shastra is the earliest written text and perhaps the bedrock on which Indian Classical dances find their basic understanding and execution. Kathak thus finds its earliest origins in the Natya Shastra. Over the years, it was passed orally and through performances from one generation to another. It evolved and branched out according to the surrounding environment and historical empires that came along. For example, under the Rajputs and the Mughal era, Kathak adopted many of their cultural nuances. And thus, over time, Kathak branched into ‘gharanas’ that were dependent on the geographical location and patronage that it received.

Kathak, the Spiritual Beginnings

Most scholars agree that Kathak, as we know it today, began in Varanasi. From Banares Kathak spread to other cities in north India, such as Lucknow and Jaipur.

The Bhakti Movement is also often related to the development of Kathak in Uttar Pradesh, particularly Lucknow. Ishwari, a Bhakti Movement devotee, is believed to have dreamed about Lord Krishna who asked him to create a dance form to worship him. Ishwari thus developed the dance form and taught it to his followers and family. This dance form was passed through six generations in his family and thus formed the Lucknow school or gharana of Kathak dance.

Kathak dances during the Bhakti Movement were centered around the love of Krishna and Radha, as well as other tales from the Puranas. A more common place and practical adoption of this dance were Raslila which emerged in the regions of western UP. The style, gestures, etc. of Raslila dancers resemble those of the kathakars.

Mughal Rule

The Mughal rule had its impact on the Kathak dance form, as it did on many other cultural aspects of the country. Until the Mughals, kathak was confined to the realms of religion and temples. However, the kathak performances now started taking place in the courts of the kings. It became a form of entertainment for the aristocracy and higher emphasis was given to nritya and bhava or emotions. With time themes from Persia and Central Asia were also added to the dance form. These included swirling movements as seen in Sufi music or outfits that resembled that of Harlem dancers.

British Era

With the coming of the British to India, many dance forms were looked down upon and discouraged. Kathak which was then performed in courts and palaces was a mix of the traditional dance form, as well as Persian and Central Asian elements. It was thus derogated to what the Britisher’s called ‘nautch’ dance.

Not only the seductiveness, but the British also had a problem with Hinduism which was an intrinsic part of the traditional Kathak dance form. They wanted the myths and legends to be replaced by European tales and stories. However, the Kathak dancer families continued to preserve the art form. Many Kathak teachers also started training boys in the dance form because of the ‘nautch’ dance concepts envisaged by the foreigners.

Gharanas of Kathak Dance

Broadly, there are three gharanas or schools of Kathak. The Banaras, Lucknow and Jaipur gharanas. The Jaipur gharana evolved from the courts of the Rajput kings and pays more attention to footwork. The Lucknow and Banaras gharana focus on hand movements and facial expressions more. The eyes and eyebrows too are important elements in the facial expressions and thus the core emphasis is on acting in the case of the Lucknow and Banaras gharanas. Whereas, for the Jaipur gharana the emphasis is on the unfaltering footwork.

There are of course, many sub branches of each gharana too.

The Kathak Dance Form

Each classical dance has its own distinctive format and training. Kathak dancing essentially comprises three parts – Nritta, Natya and Nritya.

Nritta is pure dance, Natya is the incorporation of drama and storytelling, whereas, Nritya is the use of facial expressions. Because the entire dance act is the coming together of all these three parts, it not captures attention but is also close to spirituality. It has an aura and power that keeps the audience in a trance-like emotion.

Also, there is a proper sequence of a Kathak performance. Below is a basic layout and format of how a Kathak dance act usually unfolds.

The dance begins with the dramatic entry of the dancer. This is called Amad where the focus is on the introduction of the dancer. Next what follows is known as Thaat, or the section where slow and elegant dance movements set the tone and start of the actual dance. The Tora, Tukra and Paran are the real dancing segments of the act. Here the dancer is in full flow, expressing with their face and eyes and coordinating their leg and hand movements to perfection. The story or katha is all woven and told with the help of dance moves. Parhant is the pen-ultimate segment of the act where again the tempo and speed slow down a bit. The rhythm is soft and delicate. This is followed by the last part of the dance act, called Tatkar. Tatkar is the gorgeous movement of footwork that the dancer performs with precision and sets the stage to end the dance act on a high crescendo to the beat of the rhythm and the ghungroos.

The Kathak act can be performed by a single dancer or a group of dancers. Sometimes, some dancers may use the microphone to interact with the audience too while the dance act is in progress.

Costume And Instruments

Kathak has a unique set of attire that is associated with the dance form. The clothing is usually a riot of vivid and bright colours. Traditional outfits, such as saree or a lehenga with a blouse and a dupatta are often worn by women Kathak dancers. Besides, after the Mughal rule, Anarkali dresses have also become quite popular.

Jewelry is also an important part of the dance attire. Women wear gold, silver ornaments, such as necklaces, earrings, finger rings, bracelts and tikkas. A waist belt is also usually worn known as the kamarbandh. However, the ghungroos are the most vital piece of jewelry, for they not only add to the aesthetic look but also aid in the rhythm of the performance.

Men also perform Kathak and their attire includes a pleated dhoti. Sometimes they may wear a kurta paired with a salwar pant. Men too wear ghungroos.

The instruments used are dependent on the dancer and can range from two to twelve or more. The common instruments are tablas, sarangi, harmonium, etc.

Kathak Artists

Best-Indian-Classical-Dancers-Pandit-Birju-Maharaj — Image – Wikimedia

There are several Kathak artists who have been legendary and well-known all over the world. Birju Maharaj is considered one of the most renowned Kathak dancers. He is a recipient of the Padmabhushan and his legacy continues to live in the hearts of art lovers. Other stalwart Kathak artists include Lachu Maharaja, Shambhu Maharaj, Shovan Narayan, Kumari Kamala, Pandit Durgalal, Prerna Shrimala and more.

Also, Waheeda Rahman and Madhuri Dixit are popular Hindi cinema actresses who are great Kathak dancers too.

Kathak, Secular Dance Form

Kathak is both a Hindu and Muslim dance form. Though its beginnings are attributed to the Bhakti Movement, Islamic influences surfaced during the Mughal rule. Today, Kathak is often seen as a secular dance form, where no matter the religion of the dancer, the emotions and sentiments are divine.

The dance begins with a Vandana or the act of respecting the guru. If the performance is by Hindus the hand movements and expressions are a mark of reverence for the Gods. If its performed by Muslims, then the gestures are in the form of a salaam. Either way, the meaning of the act is the same for both.

The stage too may look different depending on the religious inclination of the dance team. In the case of Hindu dancers, there is often a picture of the Nataraj or Ganesha. For Muslims, the stage is usually bare with only the musicians seated in a corner where the audience is seated.

Kathak Dance Today

Post-Independence, the country saw a revival in most of its dance and art forms, including Kathak. Kathak began to be taught as a university subject and the first academic institute set up was the Indira Kala Sangeet University in 1956, where the Kathak classes began. The gharanas continued to flourish and today a more universal style of the dance form exists.

5 Lines on Kathak Dance

Finally, Kathak is a mesmerizing dance form that has style, elegance, history and meaning. Do watch it live at least once in your lifetime!

Benefits of Gurukul Education Above Conventional Education

Cscope Staff

May 18, 2023

“Education is the most powerful weapon with you can use to change the world”

The above quotation by one of the greatest thinkers, Nelson Mandela perfectly suggests the importance of education. But can we honestly say that modern education is really aimed at equipping the students for changing the world?

Modern education might seem effective when it comes to imparting technical or academic knowledge but it does lack the ethical values associated with the ancient system of Gurukul education. While schools are majorly aimed at making profits, the students look at education to secure great jobs. In short, both are self centered. The thing is that teachers, who are considered to be the pillars of education, are more worried about the figures and digits of their salaries rather than the progress of their students.

In ancient India education was considered as the most pious service to humankind. The teacher was focused at dispelling ignorance of the disciple while the latter tended to employ the acquired knowledge to help humanity. The education was not just about mugging up and clearing the exams. It was rather seen as a commitment to acquire, enhance and retain knowledge.

Some of the great gurukuls like Taxila and Nalanda gave us world famous scholars. In modern times, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi revived the tradition with his holistic approach at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University.

Here are some of the advantages of Gurukul system of education:

Foundation to Support the Knowledge

The process of receiving education can be divided into four major parts: reception, comprehension, retention and application. The brain power plays a vital role in all these processes. One needs to strengthen the above said 4 functions of the brain in order to be eligible for receiving education. Or in other words you need to lay the foundation before you start building the house. Any house built without foundation would not stand for long.

In modern education the entire emphasis is on imparting the education even without making the brain competent enough to truly “receive” the education. Hence, they don’t receive the education but just mug up the lessons to clear exams.

In the Gurukul system the brain power of students was strengthened by training them into various disciplines of yoga that are scientifically proven to enhance memory and sharpen the brain. Such a well laid foundation helped them to comprehend, retain and employ the knowledge effectively.

Commitment

Student’s Commitment is not limited to attending school or colleges for 6-7 hours or studying an hour daily. It rather implies a mind that is devoted to acquisition of knowledge. Because of their fickle nature a child cannot be expected to be committed. But if unchecked the person would not be able to acquire knowledge in its entirety as he lacks the required commitment.

Modern education does not focus on commitment. Once out of the schools, students are free to engage in any activity. Their commitment with studies is, at most, till 5-6 hours when they are in the schools.

The Gurukul education was a major chunk of life (25 years) wholeheartedly devoted to knowledge acquisition. The students used to live with Gurus and remained free from vices of the world. The Gurus ensured that the disciple is free from the mental obstacles that can affect his educational journey and initiated him into the disciplines that trained him to keep his mind under control.

No Distractions

In modern times, there are so many distractions to divert students’ attention: video games, TV, internet and all sorts of different media. Then there are other things like the atmosphere of the house or street where the student lives, the magazines that he reads etc. All these things keep a considerable part of the brain occupied that certainly affects the learning ability of a student.

Modern education does not have any provision to keep the students free from distractions. There are several studies proving that students lack the required attention while the teacher takes classes. Thus even after attending a complete hour of lecture, the students find it difficult to recall even the key points taught there.

To help keep students away from distractions, Gurus offered students a residence, good food and a disciplined atmosphere. The two genders were never educated together ensuring that their mind was entirely on acquiring education. Students’ used to live in Gurukul, preventing them from worrying about the house. Besides they lived in a secluded environment away from the bustling capital.

Objective of Education

The real objective of education is to use knowledge for betterment of society and helping the needy selflessly. Vested interests and unreasonable ambitions strongly interfere with this noble idea. A student who does not know the virtues of selfless service can never be able to fulfill this real objective of education.

Modern education is convinced that education is for his own betterment and career advancement. They are not taught the virtues of social service. As a result, material wants and vested interests increase resulting in wrongdoings going on in the world, right from bribery to terrorism.

The Gurus lived were either ascetics or had renounced the material comforts. Hence living for a considerable period with Gurus the student imbibes and emulates the highest principles set by the ancient teachers. A major attention was given on the ethical use of acquired knowledge for the betterment of society.

Proximity to Nature

Benefits-of-Gurukul-Education-01 — Gurukul at Parmarth Niketan Ashram – Wikimedia

Global warming and other natural disorders show the ill-effects of exploitation of the environment for our own use. Never before was the environment in such a poor condition. But we are still not serious enough to save the environment. A quite unnatural life with ACs, fertilizers, chemicals and other artificial materials is the result of our detachment from natural environments. The roots of the cause may be found in our education system.

In modern education, nature is limited to small flower pots inside the school corridor, green paintings on the walls and occasional trips to zoological gardens that are more cosmetic than real. The schools have been converted into concrete, closed structures.

Key Takeaway

In the Gurukul system, the open spaces near the grand old trees were preferred for teaching while the thatched huts nearby were used during rains. Besides there were several animals like deer, hare, cows etc. sharing the same space. They were not only allowed to graze but were also offered complete safety from hunters and predators. Thus it also helped the students to maintain cordial relations with nature.

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