Urdu Language: The Origin, Histories and Integration in Indian Culture

February 22, 2021

‘Ae gham-e-zindagi na ho naraz,
Mujh ko aadat hai muskurane ki’
(Abdul Hameed Adam)

There is depth and rhythm in these couplets, as is in most Urdu Shayari. The language aids expression in its purest form, allowing for the emotion to sink within one’s soul. And though Urdu language is a widely spoken language in the country and outside, its most recognizable form is through poetry.

One of the most wonderful things about languages in India is their forms of expressions. Every language has a rich history and heritage. This is in terms of both grammar and abundant literature. And hence, languages stop becoming mere dialogues or conversations. Instead, they become a means for the formation of thoughts and ideas. Urdu is one such language that not only has sweetness in discussion or greetings, but also style and grace.

Languages in India

Before we begin it is important to note that different regions of India have their own regional languages. Languages in India play a very integral role because unlike many other nations, there is no single language that works everywhere. Each language has its own special attachment and rootedness that exudes the local characteristics and culture of the region. Many languages in the country are derived from Sanskrit, such as Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Punjabi etc. Urdu, however, has a common or similar Indo-Aryan vocabulary, the syntax to Hindi. But it derives its script from Persian. The script for Urdu is a kind of writing that runs from right to left as opposed to many other languages, including Hindi. Urdu, also like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani, a language that was adopted by Northern India and Pakistan.

Origin of Urdu Language

A few linguists date back its origin to as early as the 6th century. It could have found its way through the conquest of Sindh in 711. It further developed as Persian and Turkish invasions began in the 11th century. However, different experts have varying theories on the origin of Urdu. A few believe that it originated from Brij bhasha, which was a dialect spoken in Western India. Some believe that the language evolved from Hariani, which was spoken widely during the Delhi Sultanate rule. Hence, the earliest forms of Urdu were named as various other native languages, such as Khariboli or Old Hindi.

The mixing of both the Hindu and Muslim cultures, led to the Old Hindi acquiring many Persian words. Though from the 13th to 18th century the language continued to be called Hindi or Hindustani it was, in reality, coming together of the Hindi and Persian influences. Also known as Dehlavi, the language thus is believed by many experts to find its origins in the overlaps of local dialects and Persian influences in areas around Delhi.

History-of-Urdu — Amir Khusrau – inquiriesjournal.com

The Delhi Sultanate had made Persian as their official language, and this continued even during the Mughal Empire. Amir Khusrau in the 13th century was a famous scholar who wrote his renditions and poems in Hindavi. Though the language was the written and spoken language of the region, it was only at the end of Aurangzeb’s rule in the 18th century that it began to be called Zaban-e-Urdu. Before that, the language was known by its many names, including Hindi, Hindavi, Dehlavi, etc., and it was the language of all irrespective of them being Hindus or Muslims. It flourished in the elite and courtly surroundings retaining its core vocabulary from the Indo-Aryan language base akin to the local Khariboli but its writing or script was adopted in the Persian style of calligraphy.

Urdu or ‘ordu’ comes from the Turkish word meaning army or the ‘language of the camp’. The name Urdu is believed to have first been used by Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi in 1780.

Urdu in Southern India

A special mention of southern India is imperative here. In Southern India, especially in Golkonda and Bijapur, a language called Dakhini flourished. It had influences from Telugu and Marathi too. Beginnings of Dakhini can be traced back to the 15th century, and it was also a product of the Muslim rulers who ruled over the southern regions. The writings and the language were used by the Muslims and it was not as much influenced by local culture as was the case in northern India. Dakhini was best patronized by the Qutub Shahi dynasty. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah was a poet himself and many other rulers have writings and poems in Dakhini as well. However, the language declined after the conquest of Aurangzeb and was overtaken by Urdu.

Similarly, the other languages that can be called sister languages of Urdu and are structured on Persian influences, include Sindhi, Punjabi, Kashmiri etc.

Urdu in History

The Urdu language was promoted during colonial rule, where the British referred to it as Hindustani. The higher class both wrote and spoke in this language for administrative and official purposes. However, the Devanagari script was used by Hindus for religious texts and similarly the Persian Arabic text was used by Muslims for their own spiritual and literary texts. The Bhakti and Sufi movements also helped in the further development of the language. Each used the vocabulary of the other to pass on and explain their ideologies and spirituality to the common masses. The Sufi saints started using Hindavi influencing it with Persian words, whereas, the Bhakti saints used Sanskrit preferences to educate the locals.

In 1837, Urdu language became the co-official language of the subcontinent along with English. It was during the colonial period that stalwart Urdu poets such as Mirza Ghalib and Allama Iqbal created unforgettable verses. The British also started teaching Urdu to attract Muslim students in their governmental institutions. Meanwhile, the Arya Samaj protested against the use of the Perso-Arabic script and asked for the language to be written in the native Devanagari script. Slowly, the seamlessness with which the language existed earlier began to fade away. The divide became more pronounced between Hindus using the ‘Hindi’ with the Devanagari script and the Muslims identifying with ‘Urdu’ written in the Perso-Arabic script.

The culmination of difference reached its peak during Partition. Urdu became the official language of Pakistan and is an Eight Schedule Language in India.

The Essence of Overlap

Urdu in Indian Culture — Urdu on Taj walls – MK Photography via Flickr

The history and origins of any language will have complicated and lateral developments. It is difficult for any language to have a linear and time lined progression. Similarly, the evolution or origin of Urdu has multiple theories surrounding its existence and growth. However, being itself is an essence of what true integration of cultures might mean. Hindustani was the language whose grammar and syntax was ‘Hindi’ and whose script was ‘Urdu’. It was this language that was spoken, written and expounded by the great minds of its time, including Amir Khusrau. The Hindustani or Hindavi language is what later was referred to as Urdu, but it was laden heavily with vocabulary from both Sanskrit and Persian. Many linguists count both Hindi and Urdu as the same language because of their grammar and vocabulary similarities. Many others cite it as a socio-political reason for reading and counting them as two separate languages. Hence Urdu emerges perhaps as a wonderful amalgamation of cultures that decided to flourish by taking the best of each other. And in the course, creating a linguistic and literary treasure that finds keepers till date.

Urdu in India today

Urdu continues to be an integral part of the Indian culture and linguistics. It is widely spoken in many parts of the country. Some of the states where it is predominantly spoken include Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra.

In Uttar Pradesh, Urdu sprinkles in its very ‘tehzeeb’ and ‘tameez’. The language finds its true spirit and sizzles with delight. The various Urdu hotspots across India include, of course, Lucknow, Delhi, Meerut, Bareilly, Azamgarh, Aligarh, Allahabad, Agra, and so on. It is one of the most widely spoken and written languages. More than 100 million native speakers of Urdu are found in India and Pakistan. The language is also well-spoken in other countries, including in UAE, Britain, Canada, Saudi Arabia etc.

Various universities teach Urdu, and several literary magazines and publications of Urdu are widespread and accessible across the country. Renowned Urdu literary figures include Ismat Chughtai, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Ali Sardar Jafri, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Qurratulain Hyder. Besides, who can ever imagine the language sans Mirza Ghalib or Mir Taqi Mir.

Urdu is regarded as a beautiful language. Its sweetness makes it an often-used medium for literary and creative works. Shayari, poems, music, as well as Bollywood, has burrowed and used Urdu extensively to express their artistic desires.

Qawwali, gazal, and mushairas found their lyrical notes in Urdu. And hence one can say that Urdu has woven itself into India’s cultural history with grace and elegance. It is here to stay, and we would not want it any other way.

10 Books on Indian Art that Every Artist Must Read

Jebeen Thahir

February 16, 2021

The legacy of art dates back to the origin of Man. It is believed to have begun with the early cavemen who communicated with each other using symbols drawn on the cave walls. At first, the painting depicted nothing but their day to day routine of hunting and consuming food. Later on, these paintings on the cave walls took on a different colouring, and they started to depict widely different things. It became a means for them to find answers to questions that they couldn’t find answers for. Through the painting on the cave walls, they spoke to each other, about their needs and themselves. Over time, art transformed from a mere means of communication to a mesmerizing and valuable component of our daily life. Books on Indian Art portray these gems in an enlightening way.

Suggested Read – Top Indian Artists That Every Indian Should Know

Through the years, India has been home to several different types of paintings that emerged from different parts of the country. These include the Miniature Painting, Kalamkari, Warli Paintings, Madhubani Paintings, among others. Modern Art also influenced India, with many artists adopting the modern style but with a touch of the Indian culture. It is noteworthy that a school of painting named “Bengal school of Art” emerged in India as a reaction to the western style of painting and advocated a more native and Indigenous method of Art. India has also been the proud abode of several worldwide acclaimed artists, including Raja Ravi Varma, M F Husain, S H Raza, and Jamini Roy.

Here is a list of books on Indian art that every artist must read!

1. Indian Art by Partha Mitter

The book mainly deals with the history of Art from about 5000 years ago. Indian Art explores the evolution of Indian Art and its many influences, which contributed to its transformation as a powerful medium of representation. This is one of the most revolutionary books on Indian Art.

2. Dictionary of Indian Art and Artists by Pratima Sheh

Dictionary of Indian Art and Artists deals with eminent artists and their masterpieces. The book is handy to Indian artists as it allows them to not only trace the evolution of Indian Art from the ancient times to the present day but also gives them pertinent information about all aspects of Art.

3. A Brush with Indian Art: From Cave to Contemporary Paintings by Mamta Nainy

A Brush with Indian Art takes a unique perspective in evaluating the history of Art. The book contains several illustrations that depict the diversity of Art through ages. From the paintings drawn on the Ajanta caves to miniature paintings of the Mughals to modern artists’ paintings. The book gives an in-depth look into the culture of Art that evolved in India through centuries by paying close attention to the various and diverse influences that shaped Art.

4. History of Fine Arts in India & the West by Edith Tömöry

The book is handy for students of fine arts as it tries to depict in simple words the whole essence of Indian Art. The book also accurately points out the recent trends in modern Art and would provide a useful and exciting read for anyone who wants to learn more about Indian Art.

5. Finding My Way by Venkat Raman Singh Shyam, S. Anand

Venkat Raman Singh Shyam is one of the most prominent artists in contemporary times. His paintings have won much appreciation and acclaim all over the country. The book Finding My Way depicts the journey of the author to reach his destination of Art. The book is the author’s autobiography and gives an accurate picture of the author’s perspective on Art.

6. The Artful Life of R Vijay by Annapurna Garimella

The book explores the life of Artist R Vijay and his collaboration with the American photographer Waswo. The collaboration between Vijay and Waswo gave rise to several unique miniature paintings that have won acclaim worldwide. The book also inspects the intermixing of western and Indian elements in the works of the artist.

7. The Making of a New ‘Indian’ Art: Artists, Aesthetics, and Nationalism in Bengal, c.1850-1920 by Tapati Guha-Thakurta

Bengal was perhaps the central hub of artists during the colonial period. The school of Art was established in Bengal in order to promote a more Indian style of modern art. The book by Tapati Guha-Thakurta tries to analyze the transformation which took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century art in Bengal.

8. Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania

Indian Art and Culture, written by Nitin Singhania, give an accurate and comprehensive depiction of India’s Art and Culture. The book describes in detail every point in the history of India’s art culture. It also lays particular emphasis on its history and evolution through ages. The book is also much sought after for academic purposes too.

9. Ebrahim Alkazi: Directing Art – The Making Of A Modern Indian Art World, Edited By Parul Dave Mukherji

Alkazi is undoubtedly one of the greatest artists of the contemporary times. The book includes a number of mesmerizing paintings that provides the reader a joyful ride through them. The book is an excellent read for anyone who wants to learn more about the artist and his work.

10. Forgotten Masters: Indian Painting for the East India Company by William Dalrymple

Authored by William Dalrymple, the book explores the grandeur and magnificence of the paintings of Indian artist’s reign of the East India Company in India. The book seeks to explore and unveil the forgotten artists who created paintings blending both Indian and Western characteristics in them. The book also provides an interesting read to anyone who desires to study the history of Indian art.

Today, art is a unifying factor in our diverse world. It has the power to hold together the varied and various cultures of different people around the world, and simplify them into universal emotions of human nature.
India is a country that is home to many skilled and talented artists throughout the centuries. From Raja Ravi Varma to the recent contemporary modern artists, India has always been the host of skilled artists who owned a mesmerizing and magnificent hold on art, and these books on Indian art depict nothing less than the magnificent glory of Indian artistry.

Mohini – A Painting Prodigy

Asit Bhagat

February 15, 2021

Mohini-Visual-Artist-01 — Mohini, immersed in the act

Sanguine eyes, grit in attitude, graceful demeanour and youthful exuberance characterize Mohini Dagwar, a tenacious girl in her mid-twenties. A computer science graduate, she enjoys the company of colours and loves to give expression to her creativity through acrylics. Passionately following her childhood interest, the girl has been literally painting inspiration on canvases.

Inside Mohini’s house, you get an impression of being in an art gallery as the house walls are all embellished with her acrylic paintings. Just when her sweet mother greets and welcomes you with a cup of tea, and you begin cherishing the girl’s prodigious talent, you are handed over a set of canvas paintings made by her. What follows is a feeling of sheer astonishment, as the excellent works leave you awe-inspired.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-05 — Courting Indian peafowls

Mohini’s works cover a range of areas, including nature depictions, portraits, abstract paintings to still life. “I keep switching between genres, styles and themes to keep my work dynamic,” notes the artist, as she enthusiastically talks about her interest. “You must paint according to your own lights, and for me this has been the thumb rule to coming up with good works,” she adds.

Glancing across, you observe that the canvases haven’t just been suffused with colours but have also been imbued with values, emotions and feelings.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-03 — A piebald portrait of Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, depicting the warrior king in his iconic royal gesture.

For instance, there are bee-eaters vigorously engaged in rearing chicks – there is a movement, and the birds’ eyes are full of caring emotions. Then there are courting Indian peafowls, perched on the bough alongside the lotus lake. The peacock train, having impressed the love, hangs down as an appealing mosaic. Hues govern the mood and expression, and bring the pictures to life.

When your eyes fall on portraits, you realize that the girl, indeed, has a knack for the genre. Interpreting lord Krishna’s portrait, you find that different shades of blue impart desired renderings to the physiognomic features that emanate absolute serenity. Eyes are drenched in music, as the slightly protruding lips engross themselves in creating tunes. The flute in buff is coiled by a silky lace that wavers by a zephyr. Gradually, these elements merge with the black backdrop and make the viewer visualize the non-present finger movements along the flute. And the gleaming peacock feather in motion, and golden and silver ornaments that adorn Kanha’s forehead don’t go overlooked.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-04 — Kanha, lost in the melodious tunes of the flute

As you keep browsing, you encounter paintings that are based on abstract notions. Though Mohini doesn’t claim of being intentional in her efforts for having produced abstract paintings, she has indeed created some superb works in the area.

At first, these paintings appear mundane and non-descript, but a close examination reveals the hidden meaning they convey; like the painting which portrays two butterflies, flying up amidst autumn flowers. Philosophically, the butterflies represent life surging ahead, progressing and achieving milestones one after another.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-06 — Water lilies housed in a transparent pot: A realistic three-dimensional acrylic representation over a two-dimensional plane of canvas. Brighter shades on the left and darker shades on the right give an idea about light exposure in real-life, as the texture of the wooden tabletop gets highlighted accordingly. There’s a reflection of the water on the right, well-adjusted in the boundaries.

Interestingly, Mohini hasn’t taken any formal training in canvas painting. “I have been naturally inclined to colours and shades since my school days and my interest has continued to mature with time.”

Mohini says that most of her best works are of recent origin, created during the last one year, as the stay-at-home period of the pandemic-compelled lockdown gave her an opportunity to spend quality time with brushes and colours.

The young girl believes that one must keep one’s nose to the grindstone until the highest perfection is achieved. “Precision is what defines an artist, and as a painter, I always strive to reach the zenith of excellence.”

“But the journey for me has just begun, and I know I want to experiment with and work more and more on diverse ideas,” says the zealous painter, with a smile.

Engaging unflaggingly, the artist keeps bringing innovation in her works by spending long dedicated hours, sinking her teeth into the art that radiates infinite optimism and indomitable spirit.

The Coconut Diaries: A Quintessential Part Of The Indian Culture

Cscope Staff

February 12, 2021

Coconut-culture — Image – Pepe Pont via Flickr

The tall swaying coconut trees are common, yet an enthralling sight in India. The coconut fruits bunched up together in a cluster give way to the flowering of the leaves, fluttering skywards and the solid bark in a singular manner makes its way down onto the earth, at the other end. The coconut tree stands as a reassuring, firm, and neat entity, as much as it has a calm and soothing effect on onlookers. They form some of the best scenic backgrounds of postcard splendor in India, whether it is along the backwaters of Kerala or on the outskirts of villages in West Bengal.

The aesthetics of the tree itself has made it a favorite amongst amateur and seasoned artists. I for one would always draw the coconut tree beside a house surrounded by mountains – a staple kid’s drawing exercise

Kalpavriksha

The coconut tree is also known as the Kalpavriksha because of the array of usages that the tree has. In fact, all parts of the tree are used in some way or the other, and a large range of products, including coir and oil, apart from the other edible items are availed from the tree. Needless to say, the actual fruit (technically called a drupe) is where the bulk of the magic lies. One can eat it raw, and the coconut water is a healthy drink, especially during the scorching summer heat. But the coconut is also widely used as an important ingredient for cooking purposes. Coconut milk and oil are essential parts of many South Indian dishes. Desiccated coconut is a wonderful add-on for various sweet dishes and many dishes of western India. Also, how can we forget our traditional coconut oil that has been the primary reason for our silky hair and soft skins?.

Coconut in Indian culture

With such a varied scope the coconut is not just essential in India, but also in many parts of the world, including South East Asia. But the importance of the coconut is not just limited to its pragmatic usages. In India, the coconut is a part of the cultural discourse as well. It is offered in prayers with many references of it as God’s fruit in the ancient Sanskrit texts. Considered as a sacred fruit the three marks on a coconut are often considered as the three eyes of the Hindu God Shiva. The coconut is an important part of many rituals, including weddings or house warming ceremonies. The coconut is also broken during various inauguration ceremonies or before construction of a new home, office, or vehicle.

The Green Coconut

Although the brown coconut is used more widely, the green and yellow coconuts are also equally popular, even though its product and cultural usages are discernibly lesser. But the sight of vendors on street sides standing with their carts laden with the coconuts is very familiar. The vendors expertly cut off the head of the coconut with their sharp sickles, swoop a straw through the freshly made hole, and hand over the coconut ready to quench the thirst of the tired and delighted bystander. The coconut water is sometimes sweet, sometimes bland, but is highly refreshing, and one of the best natural hydrating agents, that will leave you wanting more. If you are lucky, there is a layer of solid white coconut meat or malai lining the soft insides of the coconut. The vendor cuts the coconut open with dexterity and gouges out the solids with a spoon-like structure made from the outer shell of the coconut itself. This unique and absolutely natural way of devouring the delightful malai remains one of my most prized obsessions of Indian gastronomy, even to this day.

The coconut prevails an endearing part of our landscapes in its entirety. The tall trees are a part of our backyards, home, and travel journeys. The drupe is a part of our culture and diet. Its significance is felt not only by the men and women who are involved in its growth and nurturing or those for whom it becomes a means of livelihood. But others also feel it in different ways. Environment-friendly products, such as chairs, mats, and rugs are made from coconut husks. Various medicinal properties are derived from the drupe, roots, leaves, as well as, from the coconut water and milk. There are so many benefits that can work their way through the delectable coconut, and that turns it into this ideal entity, which is wholesome, thrifty, advantageous, and welcoming.

You Are Using Your Specs/Contacts Right? Here Are 5 Things You Should Know

Cscope Staff

February 10, 2021

Wearing eyeglasses can get cumbersome and a bit challenging in certain situations. Imagine running or playing football while wearing them – they just keep on falling down your nose. Arguably, glasses are bulky, annoying and need constant care.

On the other hand, if you are wearing contact lenses daily, you would know that lenses make your life a lot easier. You don’t need to go looking around where you kept your glasses, you don’t need to keep pushing your glasses up the bridge of your nose, and you always look natural as there are no bulky eyeglasses perched on your face.

So, switching to contact lenses is definitely a convenient option. Whether you are well-accustomed to wearing contact lenses or have recently started wearing contact lenses, there are some things you should know about.

1. Water harms your contact lenses more than you think

Rinsing any and all types of contact lenseswith anything except for the prescribed lens care solution is strictly prohibited. Whether it is tap water, bottled water, or saliva, never use any other form of liquid to clean your contact lenses except the lens solution. Cleaning your lenses with water, or anything other a lens solution can lead to deposition of impurities and germs on your contact lenses, which in turn, puts you at risk of developing eye infections. For the same reason, you should avoid swimming while wearing contact lenses.

2. Always dispose of your daily/ monthly disposable contact lenses as per schedule

Don’t fall into the habit of extending the prescribed wear duration of your daily or monthly disposable contact lenses to few more days. You must never use your contact lenses longer than you are supposed to. It doesn’t matter if you don’t wear your contact lenses often.

Daily and monthly disposable contact lenses are designed and built for performing optimally for a specific period. After that, the lenses gradually start to lose their shape and water content as they dry up, and bacterial build up starts to form. Wearing contact lenses beyond their prescribed dates also can expose you to risk eye infections which may or may not turn critical. So, diligently follow the wear and maintenance/replacement schedule.

3. Start Wearing Contact Lenses That Offer High Breathability

In today’s digital day and age, more than 40 million people in India use digital devices for extended periods, and nearly 80% of the population faces discomfort because of Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS).

Some common symptoms of CVS are eye strain, headaches, blurring of vision, and dryness of eyes. Thankfully, there are visual aids such as specially designed contact lenses to tackle dryness issues.These lenses offer higher breathability and moisture retention to keep your eyes healthy. Apart from this, you can make workstation adjustments, such as:

Try blinking voluntarily (helps maintain eye moisture)
Make changes to the brightness of your digital devices
Try taking small breaks once in a while from the screen

Additionally, consult with your optometrist and buy contact lenses specially designed for people with high digital usage from reputable brands like Bausch+Lomb that offers products such as Bausch+Lomb Ultra Contact Lenses which is specially designed to prevent lens related dryness. The Ultra lenses are designed with MoistureSeal technology that helps retain almost 95% of their moisture and offer high breathability so that you can wear your contact lenses for nearly 16 hours without any discomfort. Such specially designed contact lenses for dry eyes helps prevent lens dehydration and offers you comfort and clear vision.

4. You Must Never Sleep While Wearing Your Contact Lenses

As a rule of thumb, wearing contact lenses to bed is a strict no. Sleeping while wearing contact lenses can increase the risk of eye infections . Whether you wear extended wear contact lenses, or not, make sure that you remove your contact lenses and store them properly in a lens care multipurpose solution before you go to sleep. If you like wearing contact lenses and enjoy the benefits it gives you, avert form making such a mistake to avoid any risks.

5. Regularly Get Your Eyes Examined from An Optometrist

Contact lenses are basically visual-aid devices that require to be accurately prescribed by an eye care practitioner. Whether you want to switch to contact lenses or want to change the colour of your eye, you must first consult with an eye care specialist to get your eyes thoroughly examined to ensure its safe for you to start wearing contact lenses. Additionally, if you have eye power, and use prescribed contact lenses, it helps you stay up to date, which only betters your eye health.

Switching to contact lenses from glasses may seem intimidating. However, the transition may only take a few days before you experience and enjoy the benefits of contact lenses. And if you have been wearing contact lenses for a while, you must know that a little care offers you so much more in terms of clear, precise vision, and comfort. Always get in touch with an optometrist before you start wearing contact lenses or make a change to your prescribed lens wear and care schedule.

Finally, while buying your contact lenses, make sure that you do so from trusted brands like Bausch+Lomb that offer various different types of contact lenses to treat different conditions, apart from coloured contact lenses. With a bit of care and the right kind of contact lenses, you can start your journey towards a clearer vision. Explore now!

Sources:
https://www.aoa.org
https://www.aoa.org/covid-19-patient-resources
http://www.jmgims.co.in
Data on file Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
https://www.aao.org/eye-health
https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public

Culture of Gujarat: Exploring the Rich Heritage, Art, Music, Food and Festivals

Sherline Modak

February 8, 2021

Culture-of-Gujarat-01 — Image – Pallavi Pant via Flickr

Located along the western coast of India, Gujarat is the fifth-largest state of the country. The state has preserved its ancient history, culture and traditions since ages past. Recognised easily through its energy, colours and amiability, Gujarat is the ninth most populated state of India.

To understand the absolute diversity and unique culture of Gujarat, we dive into the various aspects that define the state and its people.

Heritage of Gujarat

The state of Gujarat is a trove of rich heritage and cultural history. The structures and monuments built with ancient technology stand tall in their domineering stature. The city of Sidhpur, for example, displays the relics of old centuries through its colourful mansions that belong to the Dawoodi Bohra Muslim community. The ancient city of Baroda (now, Vadodara) is where the royal family of Gaekwad established their kingdom in the 18th century. The sweeping Laxmi Vilas Palace located in this city displays Indo-Saracenic architecture.

There are several other brilliant palatial buildings like the Naulakha Palace, Prag Mahal Palace, Vijay Vilas Palace and Lakhota Palace which are treasured insights into the legacy of architectural marvels.

Architecture in Gujarat

Culture-of-Gujarat-Architecture-Mahabat-Maqbara — Mahabat Maqbara – Saurabh Chatterjee via Flickr

The Mahabat Maqbara mausoleum is an example of the splendid craftsmanship of Indo-Islamic architecture. It was built during the 19th century at Junagadh, a historical city located at the bottom of Girnar Hills.

The majestic mosque of Jama Masjid is situated in the city of Ahmedabad is an example of architectural ingenuity with its fine, intricate details and splendid design. The Sidi Bashir Mosque with the Jhulta Minara and the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque are monuments of exquisite Islamic architecture.

Culture-of-Gujarat-Architecture — Rani Ki Vav – DSM888 via Flickr

The Uparkot Fort dates back to 319 BC and was built by Chandragupta Maurya. It exhibits several ancient structures including step-wells and Buddhist rock-cut caves. The Bai Harir ni Vav at Ahmedabad, the Adalaj stepwell and Rani Ki Vav at Paltan are examples of spectacular step-wells that narrate fascinating tales of history.

Most forts in Gujarat are made of stones, with arches and expansive gates adding to their grandeur. The design and layout were influenced by the methods of warfare that were prevalent during the time of its construction. Some famous names are those of Lakhota Fort in Jamnagar, Pavagadh Fort in Panchmahal District, Old Fort in Surat, Ilva Durga in Idar and Zinzuwada Fort in Rann of Kutch.

Traditional Dresses of Gujarat

The traditional dress of Gujarati culture often has tie-dye or block prints. The Patola silk forms an essential part of the attire representing Gujarati culture. The vibrant women’s costume of Chaniya Choli is significant during festivities, especially the Navratri Mahotsav. It is a long, heavy skirt worn with a blouse and a dupatta called Chunni, all embedded with mirror work. Abhas is the representative traditional outfit worn by women of Kutch.

The men usually wear Kurta and Dhoti. The cotton Chorno pants are light and are very suited for the hot climate. Their Kediyu top is a frock-like, colourful clothing usually worn during joyous festivities. They often wear a headgear called Phento.

The gorgeous silk saree of Gharchola with its zari-embroidery and the white Panetar saree with its red bandhani border are traditional bridal attire. The Kurta of the groom, on the other hand, is adorned with intricate embroidery.

Gujarat Food Culture

The cuisine of Gujarat is primarily vegetarian. The conventional meal consists of roti, rice, dal and vegetable preparation. A sweet dish like ‘gur’ or jaggery and Aam Shrikhand follows after as dessert. Gujarat’s most traditional and authentic delicacies include Dhokla, Thepla, Dal Dhokli, Undhiyu, Fafda, Handvo, Ganthia, Khandvi and Gujarati Khadi. Pickles, Farsans and Chutney are great accompaniments for heavy meals. The conventional dinner of a Gujarati includes khichdi-kadhi or bhakri-shak.

Gujarat-Food-Culture-Gujarati-Thali — Gujarati Thali – Wikimedia

The distinct flavour and blend of taste vary from one region to another. Since the coastal climate of Gujarat is dry, adequate amounts of sugar, lemon and tomatoes in the diet help to keep the body hydrated.

Art and Craft of Gujarat

The artisans of Gujarat create the most intricate and colourful handicraft products. Be it jewellery, interior decor pieces, gorgeous embroidered garments or furniture, Gujarat showcases creative craftsmanship and skill. The arts and crafts of Gujarat is a pivotal force in preserving its culture and heritage.

Handicrafts-from-Gujarat-Beadwork — Beadwork – Image Source

Among the numerous handicraft and handloom practices, there is leatherwork, metalwork, applique and patchwork, and mirror work. Places like Khambhat and Saurashtra are famous for their beadwork. The people have exquisite preferences for woodwork, as seen in the likes of Meenakari furniture and Sankheda furniture.

The detailed intricacy of the patterns on the Patola sarees impart an elegant, traditional outlook to the garment. Originated in the Mughal era, the gold threaded zari embroidery is Gujarat’s oldest textile craft.

Mention should be made of the Rogan painting of the Khatris from the Kutch region and the ancient tribal Warli paintings.

Music and Dance Forms of Gujarat

Culture-of-Gujarat-Music-and-Dance — Image – Nayanika Mukherjee via Flickr

The folk music of Gujarat often incorporates Bhajans into them. Sugam Sangeet has acquired worldwide fame since the last few years. The state boasts of a variety of musical instruments including Turi, Ektara, Manjira, Jantar, Dhol, Prabhati and Ravanhatta. Bardic tradition is an important type of Gujarati folk music.

Gujarat is a state of vibrant dance forms that bring the people together in the joy of the occasion. Dandiya Raas, performed by both the women and men, traces its origin in the legends of Lord Krishna and the Gopis. The bamboo sticks used as props in the dance are called Dandiya. The energetic dance form of Garba is performed in a circular formation, usually by women. Garba dancers dress in the most colourful and gorgeous attires as they revolve in a celebratory dance around the divine statue of Shakti. Padhar is an interesting dance form performed by the rural communities residing around Nal Lake.

Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat

Culture-of-Gujarat-Events-and-Fairs — Rann Utsav – Pixabay

Gujarat is characterised by invigorating cultural festivals that are a reflection of its diverse population. People from other states visit Gujarat to witness and participate in the grand celebration of festivals like Navratri Mahotsav, Diwali, Rann Utsav, Rath Yatra and Makar Sankranti.

The Dang Darbar Fair is organised to honour the rulers and leaders of villages who gathered for Durbar during the British rule in India. It is held in the Dangs district, of a mostly tribal population. Some other important fairs that are organised in the state include Shamlaji Mela, Bhadra Purnima Utsav and Mahadev Utsav.

The Rann Utsav is a carnival of exquisite arts and crafts, music, dance and the natural brilliance of the white Rann. Through its thorough execution and excellent designing, the culture of the state is represented in all its colours.

Religion in Gujarat

Like most states of India, Gujarat, too, is home to people of different religions. The major religions of the state include Hinduism, Islam, Jainism and Buddhism. The variety of cultures, therefore, is reflected in the lifestyle, customs, practices, art and festivals celebrated in the state.

Language of Gujarat

Culture-of-Gujarat-Language — Gujarat Books – Romana Klee via Flickr

The native people of the state speak Gujarati, an Indo-Aryan language derived from Sanskrit. It ranks 26th among the most used languages in the world and has many different dialects spoken in different parts of the state. A section of the population speaks languages like Hindi, Marwari, Marathi and Urdu, because of the influence of neighbouring states. The Kachhi-language of the semi-arid region of Kutch is significant to Gujarat’s culture.

Tourism in Gujarat

The cities of Gujarat are its cultural pride. The ancient Dwarka, its first capital, is one of the sacred ‘Char Dham’ Hindu pilgrimage sites.

Ahmedabad-World-Heritage-City-Haveli — Haveli in Ahmedabad via Flicker by Saad Akhtar

In 2017, Ahmedabad was declared as India’s first UNESCO World Heritage City. It is an abode of a diverse community of people about Hinduism, Islam and Jainism. Gandhi’s Ashram is a historically significant place of tourist attraction in Ahmedabad. Other important places include the city of Sidhpur, the hill station of Saputara (or “abode of serpents”), and the dockyard and trading centre of Harappa, Lothal.

Gujarat is a state of the magnificent history of architectural wonders. And such is reflected in its numerous places of worship. The Sun Temple at Modhera village was built by the rulers of the Solanki dynasty in the 11th century. The pilgrimage destinations of Dwarkadhish Temple, the Somnath Temple and the Shatrunjaya Hill Temples are renowned all across India.

Tourism-in Gujarat-Gir-National-Park — Gir National Park – Gaurika Wijeratne via Flickr

There are several wildlife and bird sanctuaries located in Gujarat. The Velavadar Blackbuck National Park prides itself in the largest population of Blackbuck and the rare, spiral-horned Indian antelope. The Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gir National Park and the Narara Marine National Park are some other attractive sites.

The great semi-arid region of Rann of Kutch is a major cultural and tourist attraction. Besides, Sabarkantha district’s Polo Forest and Idar Hill Fort are must-visit for history lovers.

Occupation in Gujarat

The chief occupation of the state is agriculture people primarily engage in farming crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, millet and cotton. Milk and dairy products are also significant outputs.

Industrial products like cement and petroleum provide a major contribution to the economy. The automobile industry, pharmaceuticals and tourism generate significant income for the people of Gujarat.

The film industry of Gujarat has always brought distinct forms of cinematic art other than mainstream entertainment. It is a major regional and vernacular film industry of India. Its first movie was in 1932, titled ‘Narsinh Mehta’.

The people of Gujarat have preserved its customs and traditions despite the influence of modernisation. They form an ethnically diverse community with their unique histories and practices. The state’s identity adhered to the life of the people.

Harvest Festivals of India – The Planting of Social and Cultural Landscapes

Tasneem Sariya

February 4, 2021

Harvest-Festivals-of-India — Image – Pintrest

The sight of lush green fields is common in India. With almost half of the population engaged in agriculture, India is primarily an agrarian economy. The greenery permeates through the economy to the culture and social fabric of the country. In art, celebrations, decorations or festivals, the presence of farming or agriculture is strongly felt, especially in rural India. And hence it is no wonder that harvesting too finds its place planted in the cultural landscape of the country.

The harvesting festivals have just gone by. A long weekend of celebrations that the urban population usually associates with vacationing is in fact, highly significant for the farmer and his family. The importance of this agricultural festival is also heightened by the ongoing agitation by farmers in Delhi. The tussle continues between the government and the farmers and the road seems long ahead in terms of any resolution. A few harvesting festivals are yet to come and a few went by as people wished each other on social media painting the different hues of celebrations that are specific to different parts of the country.

Cropping Cycles in India

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Crop-Cycle — Harvesting – Well-Bred Kannan via Flickr

The crops grown in the country are divided on various parameters. One such is the kharif, ragi and zaid crops. The kharif crops are grown between July to October and depend heavily on the southwest monsoons for its success. The rabi cropping, on the other hand, is between October to March. Some of the kharif crops are maize, rice, millets, bajra, cotton etc. Rabi crops include barley, wheat, oats, mustard, chickpeas etc. Zaid crops are grown from March to June and include vegetables and fruits.

Harvesting of the crops thus differs depending on the type and season of the crops. Kharif crops are usually harvested in September-October and rabi crops in February – April. The first yield or harvest of any crop brings exceptional happiness and joy to the farmer because it is a direct result of his skill and hard work. And hence, harvest festivals are an important and integral way of celebrating the yield and acknowledging the role of both nature and the farmer in providing sustenance for just not themselves, but for others as well.

Harvesting Festivals of India – The philosophies and beliefs

The-philosophies-Harvesting-Festivals-of-India — Image – Michael Foley via Flickr

Any celebration in India is fraught with multiple layers of beliefs or rituals. Harvesting festivals are no different. Celebrated across the country and in fact, the world, harvesting festivals are all about thankfulness and gratitude. Whether it’s Thanksgiving in the USA or Canada or the Moon Festival in China, Vietnam, Malaysia etc. the idea behind the celebrations is to be grateful for a yield that can feed and sustain life.

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Pongal — Kollam for Pongal – Wikimedia

In India, whether it is Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Lohri or Baisakhi the main focus is on respecting food or ‘ann’. There is the understanding that a synchronized and seamless working together of natural elements along with mindful human intervention is the key to a successful yield or harvest. The farmer is well aware that all his skills and hard work might be of no use if nature decides to play havoc. Similarly, with the best of natural providence crops cannot be grown if the farmer doesn’t till the land, sow the seeds, nurture and understand the dynamics of his cropping patterns etc. And therefore, celebrating a harvest is much more than just mere manifestations. It is about a deeper belief and a symbiotic relation that in turn is beneficial to thousands of people.

Tamil-Nadu-Culture — Pongal Celebration – Nithi Anand via Flickr

And thus, harvesting festivals remind us of how much nature and man work in tandem to create the most basic of necessities for survival. The mutual respect is evident and more so during the harvesting festivals of India. The natural forces required for a good yield, such as the sun is worshipped. Food is offered to the God’s and a general sense of gratitude and respect prevails.

Also, though agriculture is primarily a rural endeavor the harvest festivals are celebrated with a lot of fervor in urban areas too. Though the cultural and social undertones and expressions may vary, the basic philosophy is understood and celebrated well.

The Harvesting festivals – North and South India

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Lohri — Lohri Celebration – Pintrest

The harvest festivals are spread across the Indian calendar. In January some of the most celebrated harvested festivals make their way over both north and southern India.

Lohri, Makar Sankranti, Bihu and Pongal almost always coincide and are celebrated on the same days or a day or two apart. Lohri is celebrated in Punjab with its iconic celebratory image being a bonfire into which grains, nuts, corns etc. are offered as a ritual. There is also singing and dancing especially around the fire.

Makar Sankranti Festival — Image – Saurabh Chatterjee via Flickr

Makar Sankranti is celebrated in various parts of north India and is one of the most colorful festivals of the country. Also called the Festival of kites one can see colorful kites litter the sky as people make way to their terraces. In fact, kite flying competitions are also held in various states. Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan are some states that celebrate Makar Sankranti. The famous Kumbh Mela also begins with Makar Sankranti and lasts for three months.

Harvest-Festivals-of-India Magh Bihu — Image/Wikimedia

In January Assam celebrates Bhogali or Magh Bihu. Local traditions in the form of dances and songs fill the atmosphere of the feast and festivities.

Harvest-Festivals-of-India Baishakhi — Baishakhi – Wikimedia

Baisakhi is usually celebrated in April in Punjab. In the Punjabi fervor this harvest festival has the renowned Baisakhi fairs which are all about dance, music, wrestling, acrobatics etc. Basant Panchami on the other hand is during February which welcomes the season of spring. The yellow mustard crops are found swaying in the fields at the advent of this festival celebrated in Haryana and Punjab.

Celebration-of-New-Year-in-Various-Cultures-of-India-Gudipadwa — Gudi Padwa Celebration – Wikimedia

Gudi Padwa is a Maharashtra harvest festival that brings the onset of the New Year. Homes are decorated with rangolis and dolls and there is an ambience of merriment and meeting up with family and friends.

Nabana is a popular West Bengal harvest festival where the harvest of new rice is celebrated. The first grains are offered to Lakshmi. In Odisha, Nuakhai is a harvest festival but also celebrates the coming of new over the old.

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Onam — Onam Celebration – Wikimedia

In southern India, Pongal is in fact, just another name for Makar Sankranti in the north. Divided into celebrations over four days, the sun, rain and cattle are worshipped. Special foods are prepared and offered to the deities for the success of the harvest.

In Kerala Onam marks the state’s harvest festival where traditional dishes are cooked and homes decorated with rangolis. Ugadi is another popular harvest festival of southern India, celebrated in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Food and festivities

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Lohri-Food — Makhi di Roti and Saag – By Su-lin voia Flickr

Undoubtedly, the celebrations of the harvest festivals are all about prayers and a lot of feasting. A number of traditional dishes are cooked and served during the harvest festivals. The range and variety of dishes vary across the country, but each state or region has its own special cuisines lined up for their respective harvest festivals. Sweet dishes made from jaggery and sesame are the heart of any Makar Sankranti festival. Basant Panchami is all about sarso ka saag and makkai ki roti. Bihu commences with a grand community feast the previous night called Uruka, whereas the absolutely sweet and delicious arsaa pitha from Odisha are the delight of Nuakhai.

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Gudi-Padwa-Special-Puran_Poli — Image – Wikimedia

There is puran poli and srikhand during Gudi Padwa and payesh or kheer during Nabana. Southern India has its own unique delicacies, whether it is payasam, pulihora, Ugadi pachadi or the different sweet and savoury pongal rice preparations.

Besides, the food, the harvest festivals also exude a rich heritage and dose of traditional culture and arts. The music and dances, as well as traditional attires all point towards the connection that the festival has to the traditions of the land. The harvest festivals are celebrated with various decorations, such as rangolis, kites, dolls, sugarcane etc. There are fairs, gatherings and showcasing of different cultural skills during the harvest festivals.

And thus, this brings to conclusion that the harvest festivals are in fact, the heart of the country’s celebration. Of course, there are many other festivities that are celebrated with much fanfare. Yet, the harvest festivals are in so many ways a perfect coming together of social, cultural and economic nuances.

Harvest-Festivals-of-India-Rangoli — Image – Pixabay

The economy of agriculture is regarded as a means of livelihood and sustenance. And though agriculture is an important occupation it is still largely relegated to the unorganized and rural sector of the nation. And so it is heartening to see that the rural urban divide does break down during the harvest festivals. Yes, the intimacy and depth of celebrations might vary, but the general feeling of gratitude is felt no matter in which part of the country.

Perhaps, more than ever before this sense of gratitude also needs to be extended to the farming community in general. A community that has been feeding people in rural and urban areas and yet finds themselves very often at the end of spectrum when it comes to respect, status or education. The need of hour, especially in the wake of the farmer protests, is to truly understand what they need and how the economics of trade function. But most importantly, it is to acknowledge that their occupation is intrinsically woven with the traditions and cultures of the land. And in turn, define the core on which the nation stands.

How to Choose The Best International School in Mumbai for Your Child?

Cscope Staff

February 1, 2021

Parenting is no easy task. It’s challenging and tedious and often consists of constant doubt regarding every decision. The hurdles are never-ending. If a parent overcomes the battle of raising a child past the tantrum-driven toddler stage, they come face to face with another monumental stage! The academic years begin to creep in, and even before their commencement, parents have the difficult task of enrolling the child into a school. Coupled with figuring out the process of school admissions, this stage can be incredibly anxiety-inducing. And we cannot forget about the additional practical and psychological worries. Before enrolling their child in school, a parent’s mind is clouded with endless questions. The most common search on websites shows that parents have the same concerns, whether it’s rural or urban India. In the case of schools, a parent in Maharashtra might be googling the best international schools in Mumbai, while another parent in Kashmir might be contemplating if a state board is more preferable. And of course, there is the age-old dilemma of choosing old schools that have been around for years or opting for newer technology-driven schools?

School years – Foundational and Formative

As parents, we want only the best for our children. A school is critical in the formative years. Not only does it help in education but also the development of various social and cognitive skills. It helps the child to build their own identity and prepares them to interact with the world. It is the bedrock on which the foundation of future career and personality is constructed. And thus, all parents want their child to be a part of a prestigious institution that enhances their growth and development.

The Conundrum

But the problem arises when parents have to choose a school. It is difficult to know which school might work best for a child. Of course, some schools have had generations pass out from them, and their reputation is widespread. On the other hand, there are relatively newer schools cropping up everywhere, with advanced teaching and learning techniques. Great schools may not remain so over time, curriculums may shift, the staff, administration, and ideologies may change. New schools may have an excellent infrastructure but might be lacking in experience. Specific school admissions require early planning, whereas other schools select students based on interviews. The uncertainty only widens in big urban cities, such as Delhi or Mumbai. Best international schools in Mumbai or Delhi are eye-catching but usually not affordable for all. Hence, the list of conundrums is long, making it difficult for parents to set their heart and mind on a school of their choice.

If you are looking for a way to narrow down your potential choices, it’s best to decide on the particular areas you want the school to excel in. Some examples of features that a parent should keep in mind while trying to choose a good school are:

Fees and expenses –

School admissions for children depend on many factors, the financial aspect being one of the most critical. For example, some schools might ask for donations during school admissions, while one school’s yearly fees can be quite steep compared to other schools. As parents, it is vital to keep affordability in mind without compromising on quality. Education expenditure doesn’t end with just fees; a parent should look into the cost of extracurriculars/tours and other events that might need monetary contribution.

Facilities and infrastructure –

Does the school have a big playground? Are the labs well equipped? Are the classrooms spacious and well ventilated? These are some of the criteria parents should keep in mind while choosing a school. However, this does not mean that the school should only have world-class amenities, but the basic infrastructure to facilitate a child’s safety and comfortable learning is necessary.

Exams, curriculum, and extracurricular –

It is viable for parents with transferable jobs to enroll the child in a CBSE or CISCE board school. These central boards’ education methods and curriculum do not change much even if the child switches schools. In India, each state has its own state board too. The state boards usually emphasize the state’s local or regional language, and their syllabus also varies from one state to another. On the other hand, IB and IGCSE boards are followed in the good schools in Mumbai, Delhi, and other cities. Besides the syllabus, parents also need to consider the extracurricular activities offered to the students. They should research whether the school is only academically orientated or encourages the child’s overall development through sports, creativity, debates, etc.

Staff and administrators –

A school is best recognized by its teachers. The quality, qualifications, and ratio of teachers can be used to gauge the school’s standard. A school must hire qualified teachers, such as those with a B.Ed for higher classes or a degree in Elementary Education for the lower classes. Similarly, teachers should hold relevant degrees in their respective subjects. According to the Right to Education (RTI), the ideal student-teacher ratio in a class for efficient learning is 30:1. This creates a proper balance where teachers can give attention to each student. As parents, it’s essential to know the size of the class and the number of sections during school admissions. Sometimes, there are so many students and sections in every batch that it becomes hard to know if they will get individual attention and equal opportunities due to high competition.

Proximity and transportation –

A couple of generations ago, parents only bothered about the proximity of school from home. A school that was close to home was always the first choice. But today, the story is quite different. In the hope of sending the child to the best schools in Mumbai, Bangalore, or any other city, parents don’t mind enrolling their kids into faraway schools. However, most medical experts advise sending children to a school that is not too far from home. With a nearby school, the child wastes less time commuting. Thus it decreases the chances of fatigue, stress, and other ailments. But if you are not satisfied with the schools around your home, then a quick check of the transportation options that the school provides comes in handy. Does the school provide a bus service? Or can children avail of a bus pass for travel? Having the knowledge, you can decide if the school is worth the time and expense.

Reviews and hearsay –

One of the best ways to vet schools is to talk to ex-students or parents of children currently studying there. Conversing with them will help you get a sense of the school’s feasibility, standard, and education quality. Also, many websites and organizations post the list of top schools in cities or states annually.

Last but not least, school admissions are an essential landmark for both the parents and the students. Enrolling the child in a good school is a dream of every parent. Your child could be studying in the international schools in Mumbai, in a government school in Delhi, in a public school in Jaipur, or a private school in Kolkata. In the end, what matters most is the attitude and upbringing of the parents as well as the teachers. Sometimes even the best of schools cannot handle or understand the requirements of a child, whereas a small school can make a big difference in their life. The school and the nurturing of parents work in tandem to mould and shape a child into a rounded, emotionally, socially, and intellectually developed adult.

Show Off Your Earrings With These Styling Tips

Cscope Staff

February 1, 2021

Show-Off-Your-Earrings-With-These-Styling-Tips-01 — Photo by sayash alone on Unsplash

Earrings are the pair of beautiful jewelry that has the power to captivate the onlooker and can add a sense of style and feminism to whatever a woman is wearing. Your entire look can be twisted by this simple yet intricate piece of jewelry when carried thoughtfully according to the ensemble and the occasion. No matter how small or big, jhumkas or studs, they can keep your style game on whether you are going for a party or a 9 to 5 job. Earrings can dress up a simple pantsuit, a tunic, and jeans to bridal lehengas, pretty gowns, and flowy anarkalis.

With so many earrings embracing your wardrobe, it is quite tickling to show off your favorite fashion accessory in front of your friends and peers may it be the diamond studs, silver jhumkas, colorful feathers, or many earring designs in gold. Here are a few tips to flaunt the beautiful collection of earrings that you own

Understand your face cut

The shape of your face plays an important role in defining your earrings. The right pair can flatter your look to get you a good amount of attention and can make you stand out in the crowd. If you have an oval-shaped face, you don’t need to think much while grabbing any kind of earrings as every style suits the oval face cut, especially, triangular-ones or a simple stud. If you have a round face, then drop earrings can make a world of difference to the appearance as it will take all the attention towards your chin. A heart-shaped face looks good when they flaunt a chandelier or teardrop earrings paired with simple gold chain designs to give an elegant look. For square and narrow faces, round drops or hoops or oval drop earrings look perfect.

Pick up the right pair matching your bone structure

Women having small, fine bone structure should opt for delicate designs in gold that complement their beauty. Large or heavy styled earrings can look bulky with finer features and shape. Women with medium bone structure will look good in both the delicate as well as oversized style of earrings. Women with more solid bone structure should prefer the bigger and more opulent style of earrings.

Wear them according to the venue and occasion

It is important to wear earrings that are appropriate to the venue and occasion. If you are going to the office, a simple stud or a slight drop earring would look perfect as the heavy ones can leave you feeling uncomfortable all day. For a special occasion like a party or wedding, let the bling shine on with the dangling chandelier earrings, heavy hoops, and drop cluster earrings.

Don’t deviate much from your style

Whether you have a tomboy or a feminine personality, it is important to feel comfortable while looking stylish and gorgeous. Always choose earrings that suit your personality as you can find so many options these days whether it is in gold earrings or gold chain designs. If you choose to wear heavy clothing, it’s better to go with muted colors and soft tones and if you have a dramatic personality, then geometric earrings will be the right choice for you.

Complement Your Complexion

It is as important to choose the earrings matching your complexion as you choose your clothes to wear because accessories can make or break any appearance. Undertones like peach, sky blue, and golden pairs look extravagant and lavish on fair complexions while loud and bold colors like black, blue, and green look great on the wheatish complexion.

Kerala Cuisine – Exotic, Spicy and Unique, A Must Try for Every Foodie

Tasneem Sariya

February 1, 2021

The Kerala cuisine is intricately woven to its culture. God’s own country may be a heavenly abode of magnificent backwaters and beautiful landscapes. Yet, the exotic dishes of Kerala hold a special place in the hearts of both the localities and travellers. The cuisine in various ways defines the aromas and the gastronomy of the state that is much loved for its exquisite traditions and flavours.

Kerala – The land of spices

So what is so special about the food of Kerala? Why does it have its designated revered spot on the a la carte of national and international menus? Well, the simple answer is that Kerala is also called the ‘land of spices’. A variety of different spices are grown here and Kerala has always been a central hub for spice trade over the years. With both high quality and quantity of spices being grown, Kerala is also considered one of the largest world producers of spices. Interestingly, the spices are not only the backbone for the flawless flavours, but also have several medicinal and health benefits for those consuming it.

Some common ingredients of Kerala cuisine

Besides, the spices Kerala’s location and climate are also best suited for the growth of rice. Lush paddy fields interspersed with coconut trees are the most eye-catching scenic postcard moments of the state. Therefore, unsurprisingly, both rice and coconut play a huge role in its cuisine. Kerala dishes are fraught with rice preparations, as well as, coconut is used as one of the main ingredients in various dishes and different forms. Many special dishes use coconut milk, coconut gratings or even dry coconut as one of the principal ingredients.

And then there is the long coastline of Kerala coupled with many backwaters, rivers and streams. All of this means a rich marine fauna that also finds its way on platters. Fish, prawn preparations and curries are also an important part of the cuisine of the state.

A wide spread platter

Kerala-Cuisine-01 — Image – Ramesh NG via Flickr

Kerala cuisine is not confined to a single type or genre of food. Both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes find an equal presence in the cuisine of the state. In fact, side dishes are also an important part of meals. Whether it is the kadumanga or mango pickle, pavakka achar or bitter gourd pickle or the inji curry or ginger pickle, each of these is loved along with the main course meal. Some of the other popular side dishes of Kerala cuisine include the chammanthi podi, vellarikka pachadi, papaya or mango pulissery, kalan, sambhar, rasam and more.

Top Dishes of Kerala

Now, let’s plunge into the main course and check out some of most exotic dishes of Kerala cuisine.

Puttu – Kadala curry

Puttu is a traditional steamed cylindrical rice cake that can be eaten with various combinations. Though it can be eaten with any curry, the kadala curry made from chickpeas is the most popular. The dish is high on protein and provides for long lasting energy. It is one of the most common breakfast dishes of Kerala.

Appam and stew/curry

Kerala-Cuisine-Appam-and-curry — Image – Wikimedia

Appam is a rice pancake. Yes you heard it right! After the puttu, a rice cake, appam the rice pancake is a thin and soft round pancake that can be eaten with almost anything. Usually combined with a stew, either vegetarian or non-vegetarian, the coconut flavored curry along with the appam is a perfect delicacy.

Malabar parotta

As the name suggests, this crispy and flaky parotta finds its origins along the Malabar Coast. With a sweetened after taste, the Malabar parotta tastes good with any curry or side dish too.

Idiyappam and curry

Another dish that can be dipped alongside a curry is the idiyappam. Made from thin strips of rice dough and steamed, the soft idiyappams provide for that perfect warmth of homely nourishment.

Nadan Kozhi Varuthathu or spicy fried chicken

Kerala-Cuisine-Nadan-Kozhi-Varuthathu — Image – Wikimedia

Yes, one of the lip-smacking non-veg delights of Kerala cuisine, the spicy fried chicken is an explosion of flavors. Marinated and cooked in various spices and later fried in coconut oil, this crispy from outside but soft inside chicken will blow your mind away.

Naadan beef fry

Another flavorful non-vegetarian dish, the beef fry is a popular dish of Kerala. Layered with the aroma and taste of spices and curry leaves, this dish can also be enjoyed with the Malabar parotta.

Malabar Biryani and Thalassery biryani

Kerala-Cuisine-Malabar-biriyani — Image – Wikimedia

Made usually during the special occasion of Eid, both the biryani preparations use dry fruits and varied spices. Served with pickle and curd, the biryani is not accompanied by curry.

Kerala Fish Molee

Flavored with kocoum and coconut, this fish curry is an absolute cracker of a dish. The fish is lightly fried and then cooked along with the Kerala styled gravy with generous loads of spices.

Erissery

Turning our attention to vegetarian delicacies, the erissery is a mouthwatering dish prepared from pumpkin and lentils. This stew is strewn with spices and has a blended coconut flavor. It can be eaten with rice or also with appam, idiyappam or parotas.

Parippu curry

Also known as dal curry, this simple dish is in fact, a delicious variation of the usual dal fry. Made from gram and ghee this dal is rich in spices and a definite twist from the usual dal that we cook at home.

Prawn curry

No one really cooks seafood the way it is done in Kerala. The traditional prawn curry is a coming together of opulent flavors and spices, dipped in of course, coconut milk and jaggery! The prawn theeyal is a definite dish to try!

Sadhya

The sadhya is not a particular dish, but a full-course meal that is served especially during Onam. Laid on banana leaves, the meal includes a range of traditional vegetarian curries accompanied with side dishes, buttermilk, papad and payasam. The wholesome experience projects a well balanced diet that is authentic in culture and taste.

Erachi varutharacha curry or mutton curry

Kerala-Cuisine-Erachi-varutharacha-curry — Image – Mia kitchen

The mutton marinated with sumptuous spices is fried and then added into the delicious coconut gravy. The dish originally prepared by the Syrian Christian community is a hit amongst both locals and tourists.

Mussel fry

This sea food delicacy is prepared with care where the mussels are cooked in a variety of spices including shallots, turmeric, garlic and grated coconut. Known locally as Kallumakkaya ularthiyathu this dish requires time and patience to prepare.

Kappa and meen curry

Tapioca or cassava is called kappa in Malayalam. The tapioca is boiled to make a smooth paste and is served along with the fish or meen curry. The meen curry is laden with spices and the tangy tamarind along with the taste of coconut makes it a wonderful combination.

Thattu dosa

Any mention of south Indian food without the dosa is incomplete. The thattu dosa is a popular street food of Kerala that is served with chutney, sambhar and also many times with omelette.

Karimeen pollichathu or fish fry

Kerala-Cuisine-Karimeen-pollichathu — Image – M4 Tech

This dry dish will leave you asking for more. This dish is usually prepared from the Pearl Spot fish, a common fish type found in the backwaters. The fish is marinated and then wrapped in plantain leaves and baked.

Naadan Kozhi curry or Chicken curry

Kerala-Cuisine-Naadan-Kozhi-curry — Image – Mia kitchen

The Kerala style chicken curry is creamy and fraught with spices and coconut flavors. Spicy and hot, the dish can be eaten with rice, Malabar parotta, idiyappam or appam.

Banana fritters

Kerala-Cuisine-pazham-pori — Image – HomeCookingShow

Also called ethakka appam or pazham pori , this is a perfect snacking option during late evenings or tea time. Coated with flour and then fried these tiny crisps are thoroughly enjoyed by all age groups.

Dosa/idli with sambhar

The last on the list, is the most ubiquitous and loved dish of south India. Though the idli and dosa are common across southern India, the Kerala sambhar has a distinct taste and is best enjoyed with a crisp ghee roasted dosa.

The sweet tooth

Kerala-Cuisine-palada-payasam — Palada Payasam – Jinoo’s Kitchen

No meal is quite complete without a sweet dish. The same holds for the exotic cuisine of Kerala where traditional and exquisite sweets are a much delightful part of the meals. The palada payasam is one of the most popular sweet dishes made from milk and vermicelli. Neyyappam, the sweet fried snack, unniyappam, the coconut rich elaneer pudding, the basic mutta mala or the nut heavy ada pradhaman are some of the main sweet dishes of Kerala. And yes, of course, there are the coconut laddoos, the various forms of payasam and the coconut pitha that are good to go for all occasions.

Drinks in Kerala

A good hearty meal can definitely brighten the day. But drinks are also an essential part of the cuisine. Kerala is not far behind in churning out some cool exotic drinks that are defined in its local flavours and ingredients. Coconut water, of course, remains one the most natural and healthy drinks to satiate your thirst. However, some of the other drinks one can try to include the panakam made from ginger, lemon and water, the traditional spiced sambharam which is buttermilk seasoned with other ingredients. The popular street drinks, kulukki and nannari sherbet are extremely refreshing.

The cuisine of Kerala is an essential part of the rich culture and heritage of the state. The heavy dependence on local ingredients and the usage of locally grown materials adds flavour and aroma to the dishes that are both exotic yet traditional. Kerala cuisine reminds one of homeliness and bonhomie, of richness and subtleness and of warmth that can enliven your very being.

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