India is a land of various folk art forms and one such unique expression on canvas is Patachitra. Also, known as Pattachitra, it is a form of scroll painting, done on cloth. Derived from two words, ‘pata’ meaning cloth and ‘chitra’ meaning picture, Patachitra is based and originated from the eastern Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal. It is also practiced in Bangladesh.
The Patachitra paintings are divided into Odisha and Bengal Patachitra paintings. The main difference between the two is their themes. The Odisha Patachitra is centered on the depiction of Gods and is confined to temple and religious forms of art. On the other hand, the Bengal Patachitra, though also derives its inspiration from religious texts, the paintings were used for story telling of mythological and folklore tales.
Each of these types of Patachitra paintings is further sub-classified.
There are three types of Odisha Patachitra paintings. The cloth based paintings are called Patachitra. However, the paintings done on walls are known as ‘Bhitti Chitra’, whereas the ones done on palm leaves are called ‘Tala Patra Chitra’ or ‘Pothi Chitra.’ The painting style of all these types is closely similar as the same artists were commissioned to create all these different types of paintings.
The Bengal Patachitra paintings are divided into many sub-types, such as Chalchitra, Durga Pat, Medinipur Patachitra, Tribal Patachitra and Kalighat Patachitra.
The Patachitra paintings probably originated as early as the 5th century. The old temple murals in Puri, Konark and Bhubneswar are evidence to Patachitra paintings being an artistic form in the early centuries. The paintings are closely tied with the spiritual and cultural facets of temple traditions in Odisha. In fact, Lord Jagannath’s present image is often associated with the Patachitra paintings. Every year the deities or idols in Jagannath Temple are taken for a bath during Debasnana Purnima for 15 days. It is during the absence of the deities, that the Patachitra paintings of the Gods are made by the best of Chitrakars. The three Patachitra paintings that are made during this time are of Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Goddess Subhadra. These paintings are known as Anasar Patti where the public offers prayers and homage to them.
The entire painting is handmade. First the canvas is prepared. The cotton cloth or strips are coated with a mixture of tamarind seeds made from chalk and gum. The cloth is rubbed with stones and left to dry. Once dried, the leathery finish of the cloth or patta indicates that it is now ready for the artist to work on. The artists practicing Patachitra are such experts that they do not draw a sketch. Instead, they directly use paint to draw the outline of the picture. The colors are then filled and the final image is given a lacquer coating to withstand different weathers and add a slight sheen to the painting. In fact, the painting is held on top of a fire, such that the painting’s back is exposed to the heat. Lacquer is applied on the other side of the painting.
Patachitra paintings are created following a set of rules. There are basic techniques and styles that are fundamental to them. For example, the painting must have a floral border. Similarly, the images or face profiles of deities have elongated eyes and prominent facial expressions. Also, Patachitra paintings use natural colors.
Painters use natural colors and prepare them with care and arduous work. The gum from the Wood Apple or Kaitha tree is the base which is usually used for creating the colors. Black is derived from the lamp soot, white from the paste of conch shells. Similarly, yellow comes from the Hartal stone and orange from the Gerua stone. Leaves of the Hyacinth plant are powdered to make green, whereas, red comes from the Hingula rock. Indigo is prepared from Ramaraja and violet from blackberries. The Patachitra paintings usually use bright vivid colors and their paint brushes are also naturally made from the hair of animals. The paintbrush stick is made using bamboo.
Over time, in spite of artificial colors and canvases, most Patachitra artists continue to use naturally available ingredients and eco-friendly methods to create their paintings.
Besides the paintings depicting Gods and Goddesses associated with the Jagannath Temple, the Bhakti Movement in the 16th century saw Patachitra paintings of Krishna and Radha. Tales and scenes from epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata were also painted and continue to be themes around which Patachitra artists create their piece of art.
Also, there is not much depiction of natural beauty or landscapes in Patachitra paintings. The focus is on figures and their expressions that are highlighted through their face or body language. The image lines are clear and distinctive and the postures articulate the mood of the figure. The outfits of the figures are also believed to have an influence from the Mughal era.
Tala Pattachitra or Palm leaf Pattachitra is another popular form of art. Here the palm leaves are sewn together to form the base or canvas for the painting. The picture is sketched using white or black ink and the palm leaves are held together in a way, such that they can be folded or unfolded.
The Chitrakaras in earlier days were said to follow a strict schedule while painting. For example, they were to remain vegetarian, wear new clothes or not sleep on a mattress. Once the painting was completed, certain prayers were chanted before it was taken to the temple. Also, traditionally, the men and women in the house were involved in the creation of the paintings. Women helped in preparing the glue, canvas and the lacquer coating. The main artist, usually the men, made the images and gave the painting its final touches.
Today Patachitra artists have spread out, though most still remain confined to the eastern Indian states. However, around 14km from Puri, in the village of Raghurajpur, there are more than 100 chitrakara families who practice Patachitra paintings. It is the only village in India where practically every household is involved in this artistic pursuit. The paintings are created for the Gods and its artists have in recent times diversified their skill to create palm leaf paintings, carvings on coconut shells, Tussar painting and more. Some other villages where this art form continues to flourish are Paralakhemundi, Sonepur, Chikiti etc. Besides, artists today use the Pattachitra style to create wall hangings, showpieces, toys, wooden carvings etc. Many also teach this art form both domestically and internationally.
The Bengal Patachitra is similar to the Odisha Patachitra in style and technique. However, the only difference is in the theme. Bengal Patachitra paintings are more social and cultural in nature. They are based on society, traditions, folklore and religious or mythological stories. The Patachitra artist in this school of art is known as a Patua. Hence, many believe that the origin of Bengal Patachitra may be connected to the history of Patua Sangeet. However, there is no clear evidence of when this art form began.
Also, a song is always related to a Bengal Patachitra. The artist sings the songs, while unfolding the painting. The song known as Patua Sangeet or Poter Gaan, along with the Patachitra were means to bring forth to the public issues, such as current news, elections, folklores, family planning, ills of dowry system and more. Some of the villages where this art form was most popular include Bardhaman, Birbhum, Murshidabad, Jhargram and more.
The other types of Bengal Patachitra, such as Chalchitra create the idol of Durga as a background. Similarly, Durga Pot is a piece of art that is worshiped. The Bengal Patachitra is also varied because there are subtle differences in color or design from region to region. For example, the scrolls of Birbhum or Bankura prefer red colored backgrounds, whereas, those of Hooghly use dark brown.
Finally, the Patachitra paintings are a traditional form of art that are deeply interconnected with the spiritual and religious aspects of certain geographic regions in the country. However, their intricacy and exceptional artistic details have made them renowned all over the world.
Parents believe that their children are the most attractive, intelligent, and special entities in the world. However, when parents start to choose the best preview of the new life that they are bringing into the world, it all begins long before the child is even born.
They might look for names that have particular meanings or appealing sounds. As a matter of fact, in recent trends, it has been fairly mes mesfashionable to choose phrases or invent names that aren’t often thought of as human names.
However, regardless of how unusual the names might have initially seemed, some celebrities came up with some really cute suggestions, and we curated the ones that genuinely sounded good. Read on to find out as we outline nine instances where famous parents chose weird but wonderful names for their children.
9 Times Famous Parents Chose Weird But Wonderful Names For Their Children
Lyra Antarctica
Ed and his amazing wife Cherry gave their first child the name Lyra because Ed was intrigued by the fact that he had never encountered another Cherry.
He also intended Lyra to be the only child, but he now realizes that Lyra may not have been the best option because Lyra is the name of the main character in the popular book series His Dark Materials.
The middle name of the girl also contains a backstory. In 2019, Ed and Cherry traveled to Antarctica, as it was the only continent Ed had actually never seen. The couple believed it was a perfect second name for their child because they were mesmerized.
Summer Rain
Summer Rain, the couple’s first child and Christina’s second child, was born in 2014 after Christina got wedded to Matthew Rutler. Although the idea of summer rain has a pleasant sensation associated with it, not everyone may consider using it as a child’s name.
The mother gave an explanation of the significance of the name for her, saying that “summer is a time of spreading warmth and light, while the rain washes away… replenishes and brings new life to allow growth and new beginnings.
I wanted her name to be a source of hope, love, and joy. She imparts exactly that to everyone who comes into contact with her. Her inner sunshine and beauty radiate outward.”
If you like summer rain as a good name for your child, you can also look into polynesian names for your future children.
Axl Jack
Axl Jack is the name of Josh and Fergie Duhamel’s first child, who was born in 2013. On The Ellen DeGeneres Show, she explained her decision. Evidently, she dreamed about attending a particular festival where Axl Rose, Bob Marley, and Jim Morrison were playing.
The mom was moving and dancing to the music when she felt her unborn child kick for the very first time.
The parents decided that of the musicians that came in the mother’s dream, Axl Jack had the finest ring because the couple had previously decided on a middle name, which was a tribute to her late uncle.
Jupiter Iris French
Ashley Tisdale, a singer and actress gave birth to a daughter in 2021, and she named the child Jupiter after her own mother.
“I remember my mum used to sing me a song when I was little,” she reminisced. Similar to “Hands up! Reach for the stars; there goes Mars and Jupiter. Jupiter is such a beautiful name, I thought”.
A gender-friendly name like Jupiter was also ideal because Ashley had already decided what to name her unborn child. Her husband, however, added the beautiful middle name Iris after learning that the child was a girl.
Sunday Rose
Nicole Kidman has a unique story to tell about naming her pretty third child Sunday Rose, who was her very first daughter with the great Keith Urban.
The parents of Nicole liked this name Sunday, but not necessarily because it belonged to the great patron of the arts; rather, they liked the day of the week: “That’s our favorite day because if you’re happy and you have your family and the things around you, then Sunday’s a beautiful day.” Nicole’s father suggested naming Nicole Sunday in honor of the Australian patron of the arts, Sunday Reed.
Keith’s brother told an Australian radio station that the second portion of the pretty name, Rose, was selected to honor Keith’s grandmother.
Onyx Solace
The pair’s only daughter and oldest child, Onyx Solace was born in 2016 to Ever Imre and Winter Mercy, her two brothers, each with evocative names.
People are pretty thrilled with what the parents ended up with, but they haven’t revealed the reasoning for their decision.
Thunder Bolt
Usain Bolt is a father of three kids. Olympia Lightning was the name of his firstborn daughter. His partner Kasi chose Olympia, and they both came up with the idea for the cutest middle name. Saint Leo and Thunder are the names of the twin boys Usain became a father to a year later.
Thunder and lightning are obviously puns on each other; however, Saint Leo is actually the sprinter’s middle name.
Suri
Suri, the daughter of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, was born in 2006, and her name’s origin was revealed after her birth. The phrase Suri, which in Persian and Hebrew respectively means “red rose,” inspired the parents to give their daughter the name.
The term is still used for the teen 16 years later, despite having other less flattering translations that give rise to odd jokes online.
Daisy Dove
According to the announcement, Daisy Dove was the name given to Katy Perry’s kid with Orlando Bloom, who was born in 2020. Jimmy Kimmel questioned the mother about the baby‘s name when she appeared on his show.
“Daisy, to me, symbolizes pure, like purity”, Katy Perry said. Additionally, the words “dove” and “bloom” both denote purity, serenity, and joy.
Conclusion
Overall, we outlined ten times famous parents chose weird but wonderful names for their children, and we hope that the names mentioned above will inspire you to have meaningful and cute names for your future children as well.
ICJAK PERLMAN is one of the most remarkable musicians of our time, one of the most famous violinists of the second half of the twentieth century. An award-winning musician, conductor, teacher and even opera singer, he became particularly famous for his work on the soundtrack of the Oscar-winning film Schindler’s List.
Despite his mobility difficulties (Perlman contracted poliomyelitis at the age of four, forcing him to use crutches or a power wheelchair), he has toured extensively, and it took a while for him to enjoy the great art of performing to reach Baku. And finally, on the 91st anniversary of outstanding Azerbaijani ophthalmologist Zarifa Aliyeva, Baku’s Heydar Aliyev Center hosted the long-awaited concert by Itskhak Perlman.
Itzhak Perlman started his concert tour 2023 in the US. The tour is scheduled to visit major venues across the country, including Carnegie Hall in New York City and the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. Perlman is expected to perform a mix of classical and contemporary pieces, as well as some traditional Jewish music.
Perlman, silently, keeping a stern focus, rolled onto the stage and performed Ludwig Van Beethoven’s Sonata No. 8 to the accompaniment of his longtime friend Rohan De Silva. Richard Strauss’ Sonata followed, and after the intermission, Claude Debussy’s Sonata for Violin and Piano sounded, according to the program. It seemed that the time had come to say goodbye, but seeing the indescribable enthusiasm with which the audience in Baku received him, Itzhak Perlman gave an encore performance. He went backstage.
But the audience applauded without ceasing. The violinist came back and performed again. And again, and again… All in all, as many as six opuses by European composers from different eras were performed as an encore. Where had Perlman’s contrived sternness disappeared? But then again there was none. The great violinist turned out to be a jovial, cheerful man. He preceded each piece with joyful comments:
“I will perform for you a piece by Fritz Kreisler, imitating François Francoeur. How, you haven’t heard of François Francoeur? (18th century French composer. -V.S.) And he has a lot of likes on Facebook…!”
“Henrik Wieniawski wrote the Caprice for two violins – for himself and his friend. But the friend was not a very good violinist, so the second violin part was very simple. We don’t have a second violin here, so I’ll give him the easy part (nod towards Rohan De Silva). I hope he can do it…”
Gluck, Brahms, Bozzini, Kreisler again… Itzhak Perlman presented the people of Baku with a delightful evening, filled not only with beautiful music, but also with surprisingly good energy.
The violinist is interested not only in the classical repertoire, he records music for films, such as the acclaimed film Schindler’s List (composed by D. Williams). And recently he recorded music for “Memoirs of a Geisha” together with the American cellist Yo-Yo-Ma. Perlman has an incredible number of recordings at the best firms in the world, including jazz compositions with O. Peterson and other jazz musicians.
He was involved in the recording of Jerry Bock’s Broadway musical Fiddler on the Roof. Also on CDs is virtually all classical violin music performed by Pearlman. He plays 1714 Stradivarius violins (the instrument formerly owned by I. Menuhin) and 1743 Guarneri. The violinist has won the Grammy Award five times — in 1979, 1981, 1982, 1988 and 1991 — more times than any other classical musician.
In 2008 Perlman received the Grammy Award of Honor for his musical achievements in the field of recording, in 1986 he received the Kennedy Center Award, and President R. Reagan awarded him the Medal of Freedom. In 2000 President Clinton awarded him the National Medal of Arts.
When we think about Honeymoon destinations, we often think about Switzerland, Paris, or London. But we forget that India is also filled with endearing locales perfectly suited for a Honeymoon! Whether it’s the snow-capped mountains or the azure beauty of the oceans, the glistening streams and springs, or the breathtaking lakes, you have it all here!Then is it necessary to fly overseas to celebrate your bond? So let us have a look at the top 10 Honeymoon Destinations of India!
Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir!
Photo by Imad Clicks from Pexels
“If there is Paradise on Earth, it is here it is here, it is here!” Indeed! You are compelled to utter the lines that King Jahangir said ages ago! With the heavenly beauty around, the snow-capped mountains, Chinar Trees, and amazing gardens like Shalimar Gardens and Mughal Gardens you just feel the love in the air! The Dal Lake, fully decked up with heartwarming Houseboats and Shikaras provides the perfect setting for your romantic sojourn! There cannot be a better place to begin your married life than Kashmir!
The Andaman Islands are a unanimous choice of newly-wed couples if you ask them! A land of crystal-clear oceans, dense tropical rainforests, and gleaming coral reefs, the Andaman Islands are heaven for honeymoon couples! The place is far from the hustle and bustle of the city! The calm and serene ambiance soothes you, and it becomes the ideal moment to cherish your togetherness! The best part about booking a tour package to Andaman Islands is that it has unlimited opportunities to try the adventure, like Scuba Diving, Snorkeling, Underwater Sea Walking, Fishing, and Trekking! Booking an Andaman honeymoon tour package is one of the best things to spend quality time with your beloved and enrich your bond!
Coorg, Karnataka!
O’ Now, what can one say about the Scotland of India? With breathtaking landscapes, gushing waterfalls, and enchanting fortresses, Coorg gives an apt glimpse of stunning Scotland. You can go river rafting, see Abbey Falls, go trekking, enjoy homestays at Coffee Plantation and do so much more! It is a perfect place to feel the august company of your beloved! And chocolates! You can bring home plenty of them at a nominal cost! The Closest airport to Coorg is Mangalore! So, no need to think twice, just book your tickets and fly away to the haven of beauty!
So we are here in the land of sea beaches and captivating Churches. Goa is a favorite of many newlyweds, or shall we say it is the first preference when we think of Honeymoon! Blessed with beautiful sea beaches, coconut trees, and a Portuguese feel, Goa is a favorite holiday destination! You can enjoy sunbath and water sports like surfing, Hiking, and Hot air Balloon Ride, apart from the usual playtime with the waves! You can book flight tickets for Dabolim, 29 km from Panaji, the capital of Goa! So why wait, pack your bags and dash your way to Goa!
Nainital, Uttarakhand!
Nainital is another heartwarming destination for honeymoon couples. Based atop Kumaon Foothills in the Himalayas, Nainital is located around the breathtaking ‘Naini’ Lake that beams with pride in its lap! The fir trees add to the glory! Naturally, the hill station inspires newlyweds to choose Nainital as their romantic resort! And snowfall, Wow! It is the best experience to cherish with your life partner! There are hotels and cottages to suit your pocket! You can reach Nainital via the Kathgodam Railway station or the Pantnagar Airport! So book your tickets to the Jewel of Kumaon and give your married life a delightful beginning!
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan!
O’ the Golden City! Jaisalmer in Rajasthan provides the perfect setting to give your life a royal beginning! Laced by awe-inspiring palaces and forts, the city mesmerizes with its grandeur! The yellow finish of the sandstone walls gleams under the sun like gold which renders a golden aura. From food to hospitality, everything has a royal appeal to it, making you feel like a prince or a princess! Jaisalmer is 300 km away from Jodhpur, the nearest airport! So book your tickets and give a golden streak to your love story!
Manali, Himachal Pradesh!
Manali in Himachal Pradesh ranks high in the minds of Honeymoon couples! And why not, with snow-capped mountain ranges, springs, tall fir trees, and a beautiful stream ‘Beas’ flowing through the city natural beauty resides in the ‘Valley of Gods! You can also try adventure activities like river rafting and scale the mountains with Paragliding! You can feel the love and romance in the best way in Manali and also click memorable moments. So book your tickets or take a package and create a joyful moment to last forever!
Backwaters, Kerala!
South India is a favorite Honeymoon spot for newlyweds! The beauty of rivers, waterfalls, and canals is spellbinding! Kerala, especially the backwaters, is an example of such beauty! Rivers, lakes, coconut trees, and canals soak the entire region in a charismatic charm! Calm and quiet, you cannot resist getting lost in it! It is the perfect place to spend some quality time together. What else do you need, a Houseboat that delights you with its heartwarming design? So book your honeymoon holiday and feel the love in the air!
Ooty, Tamilnadu!
Image – Muhammed siraj
A small hill station in the Nilgiri hills, Ooty is the first choice for newlyweds for their honeymoon destination. The breathtaking visuals of hills, lakes, and tea plantations steal your heart! And yes, the delightful Toy Train, how can you miss it? It is the best way to enjoy the beauty and the romance brimming in your heart! Ooty is just 88 km from the nearest airport Coimbatore in Tamilnadu! So book your tickets and cherish the memories always!
Darjeeling, West Bengal!
O’! So we land here in the Queen of Hills, Darjeeling! The moment you say it, the famous Bollywood song reverberates in your ears, “Mere Sapnon ki Rani” and you get engrossed in mesmerizing visuals of endearing tea plantations, beautiful hills wrapped in clouds, and a quaint town! You can enjoy the blissful company of your beloved in the Ropeway and feel the joy of togetherness! Bagdogra is the nearest Airport, just 70 km from Darjeeling while you need to reach Jalpaiguri to go to Darjeeling! So pack your bags and let your life take a beautiful turn!
Conclusion
These are blissful destinations that enhance the beauty of your bond. The hotels and resorts suit every budget. You can also get suitable honeymoon holiday packages to have a memorable stay! So no need to think, just hold your hands and fly away in the skies of love!
Yakshagana is a traditional folk dance popular in the coastal districts of Karnataka. This is a distinctive dance form representing mythological and historical stories of India. A lot of effort and details go into the performance of the Yakshagana dance.
In this article, we will learn about the different features of the Yakshagana dance. The dance form requires a lot of planning and practice before staging the performance. The article will highlight everything, from the origin of the dance to the small elements that are crucial parts of producing the dance. The music, dance moves, costumes, dialogues, and expressions, all lead to a compact recital of the Yakshagana dance.
The Yakshagana dance form came into existence during the 11th-16th Century in coastal Karnataka and Kasargod district of Kerala. Etymologically Yakshagana means the songs of the Demi-Gods. The performance includes songs, dance, and dialogues that narrate the poems of Yakshagana. The Vaishnava Bhakti movement, which spread its roots in the 11th Century, is the inspiration of this narrative dance. A sage named Narahari Thirtha started performing Dashavathara in the 13th Century in Udupi, which later developed into Yakshagana today. The plot of the Yakshagana dance revolves around the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
The Yakshagana dance is of two types broadly- Moodalapaya and Paduvalapaya.
Moodalapaya
Moodalapaya is the old form of the Yakshagana dance, and this dance form is still prevalent in the village where the lead singer lives. Unlike the famous folk dances, Moodalapaya is not a commercial dance form. The primitive quality of the dance was achievable because of its limitation within the village of the lead singers.
Paduvalapaya
Paduvalapaya is the more popular of the two types of dance forms. The Yakshagana dance shown to tourists when they visit Karnataka is Paduvalapaya. This particular type of dance form further has two groups.
Badaguthittu and Thenkuthittu are the two types of Paduvalapaya. Badaguthittu is particular to the northern coast of Karnataka. In Badaguthittu, the artists put more emphasis on their facial expressions. Thenkuthittu is prevalent on the southern coast of Karnataka. In Thenkuthittu, folk art and folk dance are more distinct.
Components of Yakshagana
A lot of details need to be taken into account to stage a performance successfully. This invigorating dance form is in honour of the Gods and therefore requires a lot of accompaniments.
Following is the list of components that are crucial for performing the Yakshagana dance.
Art cannot take place without artists. Artists are the most essential part of any show. The Yakshagana artists are professionals who immerse themselves into the role they play. In the Indian tradition, dance troupes from earlier days were of all male members only. The Yakshagana male artists play the female parts and portray the female characters very beautifully. Nowadays, these troupes have become more inclusive. Women are also part of these performances. Some Yakshagana dance groups are all women as well.
Theatre demands a lot of expressions. Artists need to skillfully express every movement through their faces and graceful dance moves. Makeup is, therefore, a very vital part of the dance. It puts a lot of emphasis on the elaborate facial makeup of the artists. They use natural dyes to paint their faces. The inspiration for the intricate makeup is visuals and sculptures. Particular attention is given to role-specific makeup.
The folk dance of India is famous for its dynamic costumes and fancy headgears. The evocative headgears are beautifully made. The headgears are called Yakshagana Pagade and are custom-made for each actor and performance. The costumes are also very colourful and vary according to the role the artist plays.
The use of live instruments for performance bring out the authenticity of the Yakshagana dance. The music is in perfect synchronization with the dance moves, and the artists’ dialogues are efficiently in sync with the music. Flute, drum, harmonium, cymbals, and Maddale, a drum variation, are the accompanying musical instruments. The speciality of Yakshagana dance is the unique combination of cymbals and Maddale.
Plot Used in Yakshagana Dance
The basis of any performance is a plot or theme. Ramayana and Mahabharata, the two epics of India, form the story of the Yakshagana dance. The artists display particular scenes from the epics. Yakshagana performances that lasted all night were once typical. However, they have now been cut down to under three hours.
It is evident from the above discussion that Yakshagana dance takes inspiration from the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Another strong belief regarding the originality of the Yakshagana dance is the motivation from Bhoota-kola of coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and Theyyam of Kerala. Bhoota-Kola and Theyyam have very similar origins. The specialty of these two types of folk dances is the representation of the local deities. The only difference with the Yakshagana dance is that it is more influenced by Sanskrit drama. The representation of the Indian epics is more particular to Yakshagana dance than to that of Bhoota-Kola and Theyyam.
The main attractions of the Yakshagana dance are the beautiful facial expressions, dialogues, and graceful dance moves. The other important feature of the Yakshagana dance is the way they stage the performance.
The elaborate and expressive dance of the Yakshagana takes place at night. The dynamic costumes and makeup, along with the vibrating rhythms of the instruments, creates a stimulating environment. The beating drums and the intoxicating recitation of the songs and mantras develop an electric effect during its performance.
The performance begins with Bhagavatha, the lead singer, invoking the gods, and he calls upon the gods for a successful recital. Later, as the characters take center stage, Bhagavatha continues his live commentary.
These shows, the folk theatre dance, would carry on for an entire night. It was the norm to stage these shows late at night and continue it throughout as mentioned earlier. At present, the dance shows are only for a few hours. But even with less time, the quality of the dance remains intact. The exhilaration of the bold dance moves, vibration of the live music, and eloquence of the dialogues everything still evokes a positive response from the audience.
Given the fast growth and development, it is essential to keep alive the traditional art and culture. Yakshagana is one such art form that retains the old customs and history of long generations of involvement with it, To have a complete experience of your trip to Karnataka, make sure to catch a Yakshagana dance performance and get to witness mythology come alive on stage.
The state of Karnataka is always revered when it comes to linguistic diversity, art and varied culture that makes it more united and deeply beautiful. The Art of Karnataka is renowned all around the world for its minute detailing and unmatchable precision. Such forms of art are nicely preserved in the best ways possible. This blog is centered at one such form of art which is known as Chitrakathi which has a historic background that needs attention in the present era. The Chitrakathi art originated in the little village called Pinguli in the district of Sindhudurg, Maharashtra.
Years ago, the Chitrakathi tradition of storytelling attracted a huge number of local people in regions. This also included the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka, as well as parts of Andhra Pradesh.
To understand the significance of this artistic heritage that has been part of our culture since ancient times, we must delve deeper into its world.
The word ‘Chitra’ literally means pictures whereas ‘katha’ refers to a form of a story. Chitrakathi art involves the oral narration of tales, while simultaneously, the images of the scenes are shown in hand-painted pictures. This sort of performance is common in various parts of the country in the form of large painted panels and long scrolls.
Chitrakathi art depicted historic, mystical, and religious events in fine details in the form of small images. Today, it only exists in some parts of the states due to the commitment and loyalty of the people towards their heritage practice.
Natural colors derived from organic sources are used to paint on handmade papers. The size of the paper was based on the visual preferences of the village audience, and was, thus, standardized. The artists use a bundle or ‘pothi’ comprising 50 paintings to narrate the tale. Religious stories from mythology as well as tales from the epics, like Mahabharata and Ramayana, are depicted. Bold brush strokes, that resemble the art on the Leather Shadow puppets of Telangana, dominate the canvas of Chitrakathi art.
The Sutradhar, or the narrator of the tales, utilize these pictures according to their relevance. These performances form an extravaganza of attractive music and songs. First, these songs are written and set according to the narrative. Then, the paintings are made to support the tale of the performance. The orchestra of Tuntuna, string instrument Vina, and percussion instrument Huduk combine the harmony of Chitrakathi performances.
Gawde Wada, located in the Sindhudurg district, is renowned for its Chitrakathi painting done on the wall, six feet above the ground. The Wada, or the locality, has a small temple which is considered to be the location where Chitrakathi performers of ancient times narrated their stories.
Parshuram Gangawane revamped their old cowshed to fashion it into a museum displaying an array of brilliant Chitrakathi art. Here, they sell these pieces of art and other merchandise. A special place for puppets is also reserved in this little Chitrakathi museum.
In the culture and art sphere, many seminars, workshops, and training and orientation programs have been organized to spread awareness about Chitrakathi art. The government as well as educational institutions have also aided many such organizations. Scholarship programs and other financial assistance have been provided to those who have ventured to preserve the heritage of Chitrakathi art.
Chitrakathi art is not quite popular amongst the mainstream masses. However, with such efforts, many later generations have been educated about this artistic expression of India.
The overwhelming influence of foreign lands due to globalization has, unfortunately, considerably affected the folk art forms of India. Even the changing lifestyle of the rural people does not generate adequate audiences for these traditions. Although under patronage and sufficient aid Chitrakathi art has the potential to persevere onward, no significant leaps have been witnessed.
An Average Tanzania Safari Cost with basic accommodations such as tents or budget hotels starts at $200 per person, per day. A Mid-Range Tanzania Safari with lodging runs $350 to $400 per person, per day while a high-end luxury safari ranges from $600 to about $1000 per person, per day.
Just remember, this does not include international flights, visa fees, vaccinations, travel insurance, and other incidentals.
However, a Tanzania Safari Cost can go up with the number of days you want to spend, the number of people you are with, and the type of accommodation and mode of transport you are looking for.
So, how can you estimate the Average Cost Of Tanzania Safari?
Table of Contents
Tanzania Safari Preferences Cost
Tanzania Safari Categories Price
National Parks Entry Fees
Cost Of Safari Activities
Season-Wise Safari Cost
Accommodation Price
Tanzania Safari Tipping Costs
Some Additional Costs Of The Tanzania Safari
Calculating The Average Safari Cost To Tanzania
Final Money-Saving Tip For Travelling In Tanzania
Plan Safaris In Tanzania With A Perfect Budget!
Tanzania Safari Preferences Cost
1. Tanzania Safari Categories Price
In a nutshell, Tanzanian Safari Cost can be split into three tiers:
Budget Safaris – about $200 per day in famous national parks like Ngorongoro Crater.
Mid-Range Safaris – about $500 per person per day in famous national parks like Serengeti.
Luxury Safaris – around $500 – $750 per person per day in famous national parks like Serengeti and Selous Game Reserve.
2. National Parks Entry Fees ($10 –$100 Per Person Per Day)
Let’s know about the entrance fees of various National Parks and Game Reserves in Tanzania.
3. Cost of Safari Activities ($40-$4000 Per Person Per Day)
Tanzania is home to a lot of safari activities like game drives, Hot Air Balloon safaris and many more.
Let’s have a look at the most interesting safari activities and its price:
Safari Activities
Approximate Cost (Person/Day)
Guided walking Safaris
$40 – $160
Night Game Drives
$55 – $60
Hot Air Balloon Safari
$550 – $650
Birding Safari
$400 – $600
Wildebeest Migration Safari
$60-$3805
Cultural Tours
$40 – $60
Boat / Canoe Rides
$40-$60
Note that, the famous 4WD vehicle safari is included in your Tanzania Safari Packages and these optional activities are completely your choice to do and pay accordingly.
4. Season-Wise Safari Cost ($250 – $2690 Per Person Per Day)
Here we have mentioned the complete Tanzania Safari Cost according to the time of the year in average.
Time Of The Year
Camping Safari/Night
Mid-Range Safari/Night
Luxury Safari/Night
Green Season (April – May)
$250 – $385
$450 – $495
$550 – $2500
Shoulder Season (Jan – Mar & June – Oct)
$260 – $365
$480 – $560
$900 – $2400
Peak Season
(July – Oct)
$250 – $380
$495 – $690
$990 – $2690
5. Accommodation Price (from $195 – $990 Per Person Per Day)
According to the luxury and the wildlife experiences, travellers can find out several accommodation facilities in Tanzania. Let’s have a look at those with price ranges….
A basic budget camping safari in Tanzania costs approximately $195-350 USD per person per day.
A 3-star lodge or hotel in Tanzania costs approximately $490 USD per person per day.
A 4-star lodge or hotel in Tanzania costs approximately $690 USD per person per day.
A 5-star lodge or hotel in Tanzania costs approximately $990 USD per person per day.
6. Tanzania Safari Tipping Costs ($15-$25 Per Person Per Day)
During Safaris In Tanzania, you will be served by your driver/ guide and cook/chef depending on the type of safari you choose. If you have a tented camp safari you will only be accompanied by a driver/guide. Let’s see how much you should tip during your Tanzania Safari.
Tanzania Safari Guide/Driver – From $15 – $25 per person per day but you can tip more if you want.
Cook – Between $15 – $25 per person per day but you can tip more as per your wish.
Mountain Guide – $25 per person per day, you can also tip more according to your pocket.
Porter – $15 per person per day, you can also tip more if you want.
How Much Do You Cost For A Week’s Stay In Tanzania?
One week’s stay in Tanzania is preferable for exploring this African country on a budget and the Tanzania Travel Cost will be:
Some Additional Costs Of The Tanzania Safari
There are some other things that also come into your budget while on a Safari To Tanzania. Here are these –
Flights To Tanzania Costs –
Visa Fee (Around $100 Per Person) – Tanzania e-visa can be used both for Tanzania and Zanzibar tours. For nationalists, a visa costs $50 with a validity of 90 days while for U.S. citizens the visa costs $100 with a validity of 12c months. For South African Citizenship there is no need for a visa to Visit Tanzania.
Travel Insurance (Around $100 Per Person) –Remember to have travel insurance while your safari to Tanzania. It must cover theft, sickness, any kind of accident, etc. and also cover your whole stay in the country. Tanzania Safari Travel Insurance costs approximately $100 per person.
Food And Drinks In Tanzania –GenerallyFood and drinks are provided by the travel operator whom you choose to plan your safari. You are provided breakfast, lunch, and dinner on your planned Safaris To Tanzania.
If you buy additionally, a bottle of water in Tanzania costs around 606.32 TZS (0.30$) and a soft drink is around 1,259.28 TZS (0.50$) when you buy it from a supermarket. A beer would cost you around 3,614.60 TZS (1.60$) when you buy it from a bar.
Calculating The Average Safari Cost To Tanzania
Based on the above, we can estimate the average cost of a Tanzania Safari.
Final Money-Saving Tip For Travelling In Tanzania
One of the easiest ways to save money on a Tanzania Safari is to travel in a group. The Cost of various factors is fixed, such as transportation and accommodation etc. By having more in the budget, you can split the costs and reduce the per-person price significantly.
It is more cost-effective for saving money than one person travelling alone with luxury means!
Still, African Scenic Safaris prefer luxury safari packages, which will give you real insights into Tanzania.
Plan A Safari To Tanzania With A Perfect Budget!
Wisely Invest in your Safari In Tanzania in terms of your budget & time, you owe it to yourself to plan properly and get this right. Alternatively, make use of African Scenic Safaris!
Our safaris are tailor-made to match your personal preferences, when you’d like to travel, how long you’d like to stay, who you’d be travelling with, what accommodation you’d prefer, how you’d like to get around, what safari experiences you’d like to include, and more.
Just contact us! Our Tanzania Safari Price is complimentary and obligation-free. Our team is an expert in designing your dream safaris and we look forward to working with you.
Arunachal Pradesh is a land of tribal communities. Owing to the number of tribes in the state, the cultural diversification and richness of Arunachal Pradesh are insane. Folk dances are a great way of showcasing one’s culture. People of Arunachal Pradesh have immense love for dance and are well-known for their joyous nature. Folk dances performed during festive occasions and moments of happiness depict the emotions and gratitude of the people. The folk dances represent the socio-cultural heritage and robust value system of the tribal lineages in the state.
Arunachal Pradesh Folk Dances Classification
Folk dances of Arunachal Pradesh may be divided into four distinct types, each of which is naturally performed for a variety of purposes. The following are the details:
Festive Dance Shows are mostly celebration-oriented folk dances performed on specific occasions.
Ritualistic Dance is a style of traditional dance performed with zeal in Arunachal Pradesh and based on particular ceremonies.
3, Recreational dance is something that people do in their leisure time. These dances are not part of any ceremony or festival, but they are done on special occasions to create a pleasant and joyous atmosphere.
Pantomimes are a type of dance drama that depicts a mythical narrative with a message.
Ponung dance is a prominent and widely practised traditional art form in India’s Arunachal Pradesh state. It is the Adis community’s traditional folk dance, which is noted for its rich cultural way of life. Because of this Ponung, which is a dynamic dance accompanied by mesmerising tunes, the Adi hamlet and its indigenous inhabitants have grown in prominence. It is shown at the festival that takes place prior to the harvest. This dance is only done on auspicious and important occasions. The performance attracts a large number of visitors from all across the country. Ponung is a female-only dance that is performed in a group setting. Young married ladies, as well as young girls, can perform it. A Miri, a guy skilled in mythological songs about the origins of rice and other crops, leads the dancing performance. The females form a circle and dance in it while holding each other.
The dancers use ethnic clothing, which adds colour to their performance. The outfit consists mostly of a long skirt and Kurti. The basic colours used in the design of the skirt and Kurti are black, red, and blue. They also wear traditional heavy jewellery such as a necklace and an earring. Their hair is carefully tucked into a bun. On rare occasions, the contestants don an ethnic headpiece.
Women from every family offer a vessel of rice beer produced traditionally at home to their elder brother, sister, son-in-law, guest, etc. on the joyful occasion of Dree as a token of love and affection. The receiver, in turn, presents them with a slice of bacon or roasted meat. Dancing and musical tunes play a significant role in festivals and other happy occasions. In reality, the Apatani tribes execute a variety of traditional dances, including Daminda and Pakhu Ittu, which are very popular. ‘Daminda,’ the tribe’s most popular traditional and folk song, is connected with the Dree celebration and is sung by the community’s women and children. Daminda is a traditional song that describes the magnificence of former Apatanis.
Among the Wancho tribe’s members, the Ozele celebration is immensely popular. It is traditionally observed in the months of February and March. It is observed following the seeding of millets. Between 9 p.m. and 11 p.m., the dance is generally performed in the village chief’s residence. Males of various ages, as well as young married ladies, take part in the dance. Male dancers execute the dance first, followed by female dancers once the guys have left the stage. During the performance, the men dancers hold swords in their right hands. From the waist, a cane basket drapes over the dancers’ buttocks. Male dancers use white or blue loincloths, while female dancers wear vividly coloured loincloths.
The fertility dance and ritual dance are performed by the Idu Mishmi people of Arunachal Pradesh. On the last day of the Rren ritual, the fertility dance is frequently performed. The Mesalah, Rren, Ai-him, and Ai-ah rites are presided over by the priest and priestesses. Drums are generally heard accompanying the dances.
The priests are dressed in loincloths, short-sleeved jackets, beaded necklaces, a leather bag slung over the right shoulder, a sword, cowry studded headbands, necklaces studded with tiger teeth, and a few metal bells. Mishmi skirts, beaded necklaces, and short-sleeved clothing are worn by the priestess. The dance is frequently accompanied by horn bugles and drums.
The dance is alternately performed by the priest and the priestess. During the performance, there are several dancing movements to choose from. The dancers are chosen from within the audience, in addition to the priest and priestess.
Buiya and Nuiya are two types of dance performed by the Digaru Mishmi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Nuiya is a ceremonial dance, whereas Buiya is an entertaining dance.
Buiya dance is done during Tazampu, Duiya, and Tanuya, among other occasions. The aforementioned festivals are generally held for the community’s health and prosperity. Male dancers are typically dressed in loincloths, sleeveless jackets, turbans, and earrings. Long skirts, blouses, and side purses are worn by female performers. The dancers form a line in a passage, one behind the other. One of the dancers is a drummer, while the other is a gong player. Depending on availability, another dancer may also play the cymbals. The dancers do numerous moves to these beats. They take one step forward with their right foot, then softly bring their left foot up to the heel of their left foot while flexing their knees as previously. The dance is repeated until it reaches the back of the passage by repeating this series of motions. As a result, they dance up and down the house’s corridor. The dancers may sing solo or in a chorus when they sing a song. During this time, there is usually no movement.
The Kamptis, who are Buddhists, conduct a variety of dance performances representing historical traditions and legendary tales. On the occasions of Khamsang, Sankian, and Potwah, these dance plays are commonly performed. They depict the festival’s entertainment component. The villagers send out invitations to the performance’s drama party. The dance-drama rehearsals begin approximately a month before the festival and are usually held in a monastery or any other location of their choosing. The drama is then performed in the front courtyard or any suitable open place near the dwellings. This dance is accompanied by musical instruments such as gogs and cymbals. Women are rarely visible in theatre performances, thus men dressed in women’s clothing fulfil feminine parts. Following the performances, the party is awarded a monetary reward. They use this money to buy the costumes and masks that ar used in the dramas. If there are surpluses, they are shared by all participants of the theatre.
The Rikhampada folk dance is one of the most lively and glorified folk dances of the state. The parent tribes of this dance are the famous Nyishi tribes which belong to the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh. The largest tribe of the state, the Nyishi tribe, performs this dance at the famous Nyokum festival. The history of the origination of the Rikhampada Dance suggests that the Abotanis introduced this dance to the Nyishi tribes.
8. Ka Fifai Dance-Drama
The Ka Fifai is also a dance-drama that depicts the kidnapping of a man’s daughter by spirits while wandering through the garden. The drama goes on to describe how the King’s ministers plot and carry out the girl’s rescue from the grasp of the spirits.
9. Sadinuktso (Akas)
The Sadinuktso dance is extremely famous among Akas tribal people. It is practiced practically every time the tribe gathers. It is particularly common during weddings or the construction of a new home. A group of guys and girls individually performs the dance. The main dance is performed alternately by a member from each group until all of the dancers have finished.
Arunachal Pradesh is the ideal destination for those seeking rejuvenation and quiet in the Himalayas. Apart from its magnificent natural beauty, this land’s rich and distinct culture is what makes it absolutely beautiful. Arunachal Pradesh is a proud state in India that is still keeping its traditional culture and customs in today’s increasingly westernized world. Arunachal Pradesh’s inhabitants rely heavily on dance and music in their daily lives. It’s amazing to see how far Arunachal Pradesh’s traditional dances have continued to progress.
Punjab is home to one of the world’s oldest and most diverse cultures, which is reflected in every manner. They are hearty people who celebrate every festival and festival with zeal. Their families hold celebrations all around the world and invite others to participate in their culture. Thus they are loved all throughout the world, which comes as no surprise.Punjabi Culture is surrounded by vibrant colours and high-spirited people who best express themselves via their traditional attire. The traditional dresses of Punjab seamlessly combine elements of design, comfort, and colour.
Phulkari, which means “flower craft,” is rooted in Punjabi tradition, which dates back to the 15th century. Its vibrant colours, embroidered in a way that tells volumes about women’s dress preferences. The creative craft of needlework first emerged in Waris Shah’s tear-jerking love novel Heer-Ranjha, and it hasn’t modified its technique since then. This cloth is worn by women of all ages and social backgrounds, and it depicts their lives through the various colours woven into it. Punjabi women weave traditional Phulkari embroidery on shawls, Kurtas, Dupattas, and Lehengas with eye-catching blends of exquisite patterns on all occasions.
Punjabi ghagra is a traditional Punjabi dress that has been modified to include modern components and to appear trendy and fashionable in line with current fashion trends. This traditional Punjabi clothing is made up of four pieces, and while it originated in Punjab, it is currently more popular in Haryana and parts of Himachal Pradesh.
Patiala Salwar is a furled-up traditional Punjabi dress with baggy and pleated trousers that has its origins in Patiala. This Punjabi traditional outfit was once only worn by men, but it has since become a part of women’s clothing as well. Punjabi women are now more likely to wear it!
The Patiala salwar is typically worn with a Kurti and a chunni, with the draping done at the back. Punjabi traditional attire incorporates a variety of current designs while still maintaining the traditional element, which aids in achieving the correct balance of traditional and modern! Patiala Salwar is popular traditional clothing in Punjab since it is not only attractive but also quite comfortable to wear.
We can’t even think about women’s fashion without mentioning the lovely parandas! These braided hair accessories are made up of multicoloured threads and jewellery. Parandi were seen to be a symbol of affection and were generally given to brides by their husbands. Women wore parandis in the past to enhance their beauty and make their hair appear longer. Women’s long, lush hair is secured with these accessories, which are now available in a variety of colours and sizes!
Kaliras or Kalires are one of the most important pieces of traditional Punjabi jewellery that practically every bride wears at her wedding. These umbrella-shaped hangings are symbolic of the newlywed bride and groom’s eternal love and happiness. The coconut-like form is thought to represent a prayer that their home would never run out of food, while the metal in this Punjabi traditional jewellery represents prosperity and fortune. Friends, sisters, and cousins usually tie these gorgeous hangings around the bride’s hands to wish her luck for her new beginnings.
When it comes to dressing up in their Indian avatars, Punjabi traditional jewellery is an absolute must. The satlada haar is a popular piece of Punjabi traditional jewellery that is frequently worn by brides. This seven-layered piece features some one-of-a-kind jewels and diamonds. With their elaborate construction and delicate design, they are considered to illuminate feminism. They’re the perfect blend of ancient, historic, and fashionable!
Jhumkis are one of the most popular styles of jewellery, and they all have a fashionable and attractive appearance. Traditional Punjabi gems are still at the top of the list when it comes to ladies choosing their jewellery because of their contemporary and trendy stylish appeal. Among other things, Punjabi traditional jewellery has sophisticated themes, beautiful designs.
Jutti
For 400 years, Kings have worn the Jutti, also known as the Punjabi Jutti, which is traditionally embroidered on leather with actual gold or silver threads. One of the distinguishing characteristics of this handcrafted footwear is that it has neither left nor right sides and may be worn on any foot. It is the most comfortable and stylish flat-soled footwear worn by men and women in Punjab and is commonly seen during weddings and festivals. It has a lot of glitz and a lot of embroidery on it, and it’s full of Punjabi tradition.
Jama is a traditional Punjabi garment that was worn by males during the Mughal era. It’s a flared-up piece of fabric that’s snug around the waist. This long item, flares up like a skirt at the ankle or knees. The jama is frequently worn with a turban to represent monarchy, and it complements the monarchs’ magnificent demeanour. Originally intended for men, women are now seen wearing Jama with tight-fitting pyjamas. The long sleeves that are tied under the armpits distinguish this Punjabi traditional clothing. Punjabi traditional clothing allows people to move freely, making them feel tremendously at ease.
Kurta Pyjama
The popular Punjabi traditional outfit, kurta pyjama, consists of a long shirt and baggy pants. Kurtas are typically slit on both sides and feature long sleeves. The loose baggy pants (or pyjamas) have a drawstring that makes them easier to fasten. The kurta is frequently paired with a pair of jeans, a dhoti, or a lungi. This Punjabi traditional clothing is popular at festivals and comes in a variety of patterns and designs. It can also be worn as informal everyday wear, with collars and buttons on the kurta, and the length is usually below the knees. Pair the kurta with a little embroidered cotton jacket for a more sophisticated effect.
Pagri is a type of headwear worn by Sikh males. It’s also known as pag, and it’s a fabric winding technique. Men also wear a turban, which comes in a variety of colours, in addition to the typical Punjabi attire. Punjabis place a great deal of importance on their headpiece. Sikhs wear the turban, also known as dastar, to keep their long hair under control. The ‘Dastar Bandhi’ rite, which involves the tying of the first turban, is well-known at Golden Temple, the little child dons his turban for the first time.
Sarpech was a popular head adornment used by princes and monarchs in the past. By breaking down the phrase, sar refers to the head or front, and pech refers to the screw, we may deduce that the term sarpech refers to a portion that is screwed to the front of the turban. The basic structure of this Punjabi traditional jewellery is made out of a single sheet of metal and certain jewels put in a hollow structure. This Punjabi traditional jewellery is now primarily worn by men at weddings.
Tehmat
The tamba, also known as tehmat, is a Punjabi variation of the lungi with front folds that is worn by men in Punjab. The tamba is a piece of clothing worn by Bhangra dancers.
Although the use of the Punjabi tehmat has declined in recent years in East Punjab, with the pajamma taking its place, males can still be seen wearing it.
In West Punjab, Punjabi men can often be seen wearing the tamba or lungi.
Traditional attire exudes elegance. And Punjabi traditional wear and accessories, in their numerous varieties, tells volumes about the culture and custom that has been passed down for years.With the entry and blending of cultures and varied ways over the years, the traditional clothing of Punjabi suits has evolved. We hope you can reate unique outfits and flaunt them wonderfully with this list of ethnic wearing styles with a modern twist.
Punjab has one of the most ancient and diversified cultures on the globe. ‘Punj’ means five, and ‘ab’ means water, hence it’s known as the Land of Five Rivers. The five rivers that flow through this country are the Beas, Sutlej, Chenab, Ravi, and Jhelum, which divide it into three major parts called Doaba, Majha, and Malwa. Punjabi poetry, philosophy, spirituality, education, artwork, music, food, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values, and history all reflect this diversity and distinctiveness. It’s difficult to overlook the compassion and zeal displayed in the Punjabi (Punjabis) way of life.
Punjab is a vast expanse of natural beauty and majesty. Its language is a valuable asset that is gaining widespread popularity across the country. Punjabi is the state’s official language, and it has a lot of similarities to Hindi. It is the world’s ninth most widely spoken language. The residents of West Punjab, on one hand, speak more Hindi than Punjabi, whilst the situation is reversed in East Punjab.
Gurmukhi, which is based on Devanagari, is the script used in Punjabi. It’s a fusion as well as a tonal language. It is a fusion language because it is formed by the merger of many morphemes (the smallest linguistic unit with semantic meaning). It has a tonal quality due to the fact that the tones identify the words. Punjabi borrows heavily from various languages such as Hindi, Persian, Urdu, and English in modern times. Punjabi has recently travelled to other parts of the world, where it has been adapted to fit the local lexicon.
Surprisingly, the Punjabi language has numerous dialects that have developed according to the place where the language is spoken. Bhattian, Malwai, Pahari, Doabi, Kangri, Hindko, Pothowari, Shahpuri, Rachnavi, Majhi, Thali, Thalochri, Chakwali, and Ghebi are some of the most important dialects. Hindi is a widely spoken and understood language in the state, with practically everyone speaking and understanding it fluently. Even English is a language that many people are familiar with. If you want to learn Punjabi, try Ling-app a great platform to learn the language with ease.
In India, Sikhism is the predominant religion in Punjab. It is the world’s fifth largest religion, founded by Guru Nanak Dev and other nine Gurus. Sikhism’s core belief is in “Waheguru,” which means “Universal God.” The religion believes that salvation can be attained by meditating on the Almighty in a disciplined and intimate manner. Sikhs revere the ten Gurus as well as the Holy Scripture Guru Granth Sahib, which is revered as the eleventh and final Guru. Monotheism and a non-anthropomorphic understanding of God are central to Sikhism. Volunteering and community service are seen as essential in a person’s life. The primary rule for leading one’s life is hard effort and sincere dedication. Gurdwaras, which are the Sikhs’ primary place of worship, exist in Punjab. The Golden Temple in Amritsar is a world-famous pilgrimage site that draws people from all over the world.
Though not as frequently practiced as Sikhism, Hinduism is an important religion in Punjab. In fact, it is the state’s second most widely practiced religion. Hindus live a liberal lifestyle, and the majority of them attend gurdwaras to worship. Islam is another prominent religion in Punjab, however it is practiced by just a small percentage of the population. The majority of Muslims in Punjab fled to Pakistan after the split in 1947. Despite the small population of Muslims in the state, there are a large number of mosques. Other minority religions in the state include Christianity, Jainism, and Buddhism.
In Punjab, women’s apparel is known as churidar kurta. The traditional attire is worn by women. Although it is a Punjabi traditional attire, it is currently worn by most young ladies across India with colourful Dupattas. The top portion is a kameez (a sort of loose shirt), while the bottom component is a salwar (a type of pant). In most cases, the dupatta is the same colour as the Salwar Kameez. Beautiful shawls created with Phulkari embroidery can also be seen on women.
In Punjab, the men’s traditional attire is the Kurta Pajama. The Kurta is a long-sleeved shirt with a straight cut. The pajamas are likewise loose and must be fastened around the waist. Few guys choose to wear a Kurta with a Tehmat or Lungi. Pagri or Pugg (Turban) is a religious turban worn by Sikhs in Punjab. Turbans are worn by men in a variety of hues depending on their attire. Jooti is the favored footwear, which has been worn by both men and women for many years.
Architecture of Punjab
HighonTravel.com: Punjabiyat
The Buddhist and Islamic forms of architecture had a huge influence on Punjab. Despite the fact that Sikhism is the most popular religion in Punjab, it does not have its own architectural style. It is a mix of Sufism in Islam and Hinduism. The Gurudwara is the Sikhs’ primary site of worship. The Mughal palace style of construction has been adopted by Sikhism’s followers. Even after independence, Punjab’s architecture has continued to grow. The Maurya Empire is responsible for some of Punjab’s earliest architectural examples. Following the Mughal invasion, Islamic architecture became a part of Punjab.
The Sikhs’ primary place of devotion is Amritsar’s, Golden Temple. Amritsar became the most important city for the Sikhs in the latter half of the 16th century. The Golden Temple was built in 1764, and when Ranjit Singh created the Sikh state in 1802, he plated the ceiling with gold, and what was previously known as the Hari Mandir became known as the Golden Temple. The primary structure is modest and sits in the middle of a tank, giving the impression that it is floating on water. The temple, its marble precincts, and the water in the tank all look to be pure, unique, and amazing. The primary structure is constructed in the late Mughal style. The open terrace-style Mughal garden inspired the Yadavindra garden in Pinjore. The garden’s central water channel is lined with chadars and fountains and runs through seven open terraces and pavilions.
Chandigarh, the state capital, is a fine example of twentieth-century architecture. The city is split into 47 sectors, with the capital complex and civic centre serving as the focal point. It is an excellent ‘garden city’ and a bible for architects because of its ordered design, broad roadways, and well-planned facilities with a modernist lean. Chandigarh has become a symbol of youth, and its residents are proud of the city’s status as a cutting-edge metropolis. Le Corbusier, a French architect and planner, was responsible for Chandigarh’s urban development. Chandigarh is unlike any other city in the world. Chandigarh’s terrace garden is a popular tourist destination. The large sun-screen and three-dimensional look, as well as the interior spaces, create an appropriately spectacular image while remaining true to traditional Indian architecture.
Handicrafts of Punjab
Source – Utsavpedia
Phulkari, as well as Pidhis, Jootis, Durries, and Parandis, are part of Punjab’s rich handicraft legacy. Phulkari, however, is the most well-known of them all. Many of the crafts are used as household items or ornamental objects in homes, and they reflect the state’s vibrant identity. Mud Works are also an indigenous Punjabi tradition. Women are primarily responsible for weaving durries, and they begin learning the craft as early as childhood. Durries are available in a variety of sizes and patterns here. In addition, the state produces a diverse range of trays, mirror frames, dressing tables, easy chairs, sofa sets, dining tables, and chairs, among other items. Another well-known Punjabi art is the gorgeous Punjabi dolls dressed in elegant gowns. The Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, who work in the city of Amritsar in the Punjab province of India, are known for their brass and copper workmanship, which is recognised on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Punjab, like the rest of India, celebrates a variety of festivals throughout the year. Each of these festivals is related with one or more religious tales. Punjabi folks believe in going all out for every festive event. Traditional music and folklore create the ideal environment for the celebration, allowing guests to immerse themselves in the infectious spirit of this incredibly intriguing state.
In Punjab, Baisakhi signifies the start of the “New Year ” . It is commemorated to recognise the hard labor of farmers by commemorating the ripening of the winter (rabi) harvest. Every year on the 13th of April, it commemorates a time of celebration and joy for the people of Punjab.
Punjab’s winter harvest festival, Lohri, is widely observed across the state. It is a fertility celebration that is linked to the worship of the God of Fire (Lord Agni). Lohri, according to the Hindu calendar, occurs on the 13th of January each year, when the earth is closest to the sun.
The name Hola Mohalla comes from the Punjabi word “Mohalla,” which refers to an organised parade in the style of an army column, complete with battle drums and standard-bearers. This event is held in grand style throughout Punjab, particularly at Muktsar and Anandpur Sahib.
Punjab is a theistic and devotional land. Gurus of the Sikh faith are honored throughout the state. Punjabis observe Gurpurab every year solely for the honor and respect of their gurus. Gurpurabs are intended to commemorate the Sikh Gurus’ birthdays or martyrdoms. In Punjab, however, there are a lot of gurpurabs.
Bhai dooj is observed on the second day after Diwali in the month of Kartik (October-November). This celebration also honours a brother’s and sister’s strong bond. To protect her brother from evil, his sister places a ‘tikka’ (mark) of saffron and rice grains on his forehead. There are hymns and prayers for a long life for my brother. As a show of his affection, the brother gives her gifts or money.
Teeyan is a women’s dance festival held in the month of Sawan. This festival features some of the top gidha performances. The celebration runs from the third lunar day of the month through the full moon, with a grand function on the last day.
Karwa Chauth is a fast by women that takes place in the months of October and November. Women participate in the celebration to pray for their husband’s long life. On this day, the Moon God is prayed to.
Dussehra is widely observed throughout Punjab, as it is in the rest of India. It commemorates Lord Rama’s victory over Ravana, signifying the eternal triumph of Good over Evil.
Diwali is observed throughout Punjab in the months of October and November, with the exact date dictated by the lunar calendar. It is commemorated to mark Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after a fourteen-year exile. Every home in Punjab is illuminated with candles or diyas on this day.
Punjab is regarded for having one of India’s most diverse and expressive cultures, with music and dance playing a key role in exhibiting it. Punjabi dances are among the most energizing types of performance art you will ever see. The level of synchronicity in the dances is incredible.
Bhangra began as a springtime festival dance in Punjab villages, and has since grown into a worldwide craze. More than anything else, this dance has spread the name of Punjab across the globe. Bhangra has evolved significantly through time. Bhangra, traditionally, used to be a blend of fast-paced dance moves, songs, and musical instruments like the Dhol, iktar (a single-stringed instrument), and chimta. The songs that are performed in conjunction with the dance are usually about love, patriotism, or social causes. In today’s clubs and discos, Bhangra tunes mixed with hip hop or reggae are quite popular. The performers are dressed in a Kurta with a vest over it. They also wear colourful turbans that are well-made.
If you thought Bhangra was fantastic, Giddha will provide you with the same kind of experience. Giddha is a female-only specialty, similar to Bhangra. This dance is usually performed at important occasions such as weddings or festivals. ‘Viyagula Giddha’ is a type of Giddha that is done during weddings. The performers make a ring by standing in a circle. One woman sits in the ring’s centre, playing the Dhol. The finest part about the dance is that there are no strict restrictions that the dancers must follow. They dance to the beat of the music. The various stages in the lives of Punjabi women are depicted in Gidda.
Punjabi folk music has a lot of variety and is quite rhythmic. Dhoola and mahiya are prevalent forms in the western region, although the popular boli style is performed variably across the region. Punjabi music also includes vocals, as well as instruments such the dhol, tumbi, dhad sarangi, algoza, and Ektara. Punjabi folk idiom can provide insight into the lives and cultures of Punjabis. There is a large collection of music and songs commemorating birth, daily life, and death; songs of love and separation, dancing and joy; marriage, fulfilment, and disappointment. Punjab is separated culturally into three regions: Malwa, Majha, and Doaba. Today, Malwa embodies the authentic essence of Punjabi folklore.
The Punjabi fold idiom is incredibly rich, diverse, and adaptable. It is a wide culture of compassionate, big-hearted people who are free of fanaticism and restricted religious ideologies. The more we learn about the country’s folk music, the more difficult it gets to categories. However, one may be able to draw broad divides for each season, as each of the countless celebratory occasions that occur throughout the year has its own distinct music.
Punjabis are robust people with hearty appetites, and their food is simple, sizable quantities with no extraneous frills or exotic accompaniments, much like the Punjabis themselves. Punjabi tandoori cookery is widely regarded as one of the world’s most popular cuisines. Huge earthen ovens are half-buried in the ground and heated by a coal fire beneath them. This unique oven cooks marinated meat, chicken, fish, paneer, rotis, and naans of all varieties, and the results are incredibly delicious!
Some areas of Punjabi cuisine have been influenced by outside influences. The gravy component of Punjabi cuisine is said to have originated with the Mughals, according to food connoisseurs. Murgh makhani is the most well-known example. Because the state had a lot of pure ghee and butter, combining this impact in its food was a good idea. Murg makhani also helped to balance out the dryness of the tandoori chicken, which had been grilled over charcoal. Punjabi breads include nan and parathas, as well as maize flour rotis. Of course, the roti has evolved over time to include additional variation, such as the rumali roti, naan, and laccha parathas, all baked in the tandoor.
In Punjab, winter ushers in the season of makki ki roti (maize flour bread) and sarson ka saag (mustard leaf gravy). A portion of lassi (a sweet or salted drink prepared with curd) or fresh curd and white butter, which is consumed in big quantities, is required to complete any meal. Maa ki dal, rajma (kidney beans), and stuffed parathas are some of the other notable Punjab-only meals.
Tourism in Punjab
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Punjab provides a traveller with a trip back in time. You’ll come across forts, palaces, and monuments, each one grander and more ornate than the last. When you visit Punjab, you will notice that the people’s generosity is as genuine as their cuisine. The Golden Temple, one of Punjab’s most renowned tourist destinations, teaches a lesson on universal brotherhood. Jallianwala Bagh, a major historical site, makes the eyes well up, along with palaces and museums that depict its previous splendour. Punjab offers culture, heritage, history, and wildlife as part of a tourist experience.
You’ll come across forts, palaces, and monuments, each one grander and more ornate than the last. Gobindgarh Fort, Rambagh Palace, Qila Mubarak, Old Moti Bagh, Maharaja Sher Singh Palace, and Bahadurgarh Fort are among the most popular forts and palaces in Punjab. There lies the Phillaur Fort, which is noted for its historical significance and functioned as Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s military base. The Qila Mubarak is another fort that warrants special attention. The relics of Guru Gobind Singh, the eleventh Sikh guru, can be found inside the fort. There is plenty of room for exploration with so many forts, palaces, and other ancient structures.
The Golden Temple, commonly known as the Darbar Sahib, offers another unique tourist experience. One of the most important Sikh pilgrimage places, it preaches and, more importantly, practices universal brotherhood, love, and harmony.
Due to numerous water sources and good quality soils, Punjab’s economy has been predominantly agriculture-based since the Green Revolution; the majority of the state is in a fertile alluvial plain with many rivers and a huge irrigation canal system. Wheat is the most widely grown crop. Rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley, and fruit are among other major crops. Large amounts of livestock and fowl are also raised. Cotton, woolen, and silk textiles, metal products and machinery, food and beverages, and transportation equipment and parts are the industries with the most workers.
While the Punjabis are famed for their tenacity, their culture reflects a diverse range of historical civilizations. In Punjab, guests are treated as God’s representatives and are well looked after. Punjab is a place where artistry surrounds every area of life, and a sense of opulence pervades the atmosphere. Metalwork, needlework, wall paintings, jewellery, mud wall paintings, architecture, folk music, and dances all reflect the affluent culture of this northwestern Indian state. The state’s culture is diverse, containing a rich past as well as a thriving social scene. The Punjabi culture, which dates back over a century, is known for its tolerance, progressiveness, and logical attitude to life.
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