The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is something beyond an event; it’s the grand festival of creativity, heritage, and diversity. In the year 2025, this iconic event will witness its silver jubilee during January 25th to February 2nd. Throughout the whole Kala Ghoda area in South Mumbai, a sea change takes place as Asia’s largest arts festival transforms into becoming a neighborhood during the time of the festival. What makes it even better? All the events are free to attend, so everyone gets a chance to appreciate art and culture.
The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival Journey
The festival started back in 1999. It derives its name from the majestic “Black Horse” statue that, once upon a time, had been situated there. It evolved from a small regional event to become the world platform through which artists and performers from around the world come to appear at the festival.
Today, with its 150,000-plus annual visitors, KGAF celebrates the rich heritage of India through creative contemporary expressions. Today, it stands out as a vital link between old Mumbai and modern Mumbai, in a way which has been one of the city’s proudest cultural achievements.
Costumes and Props
Courtesy: Kala Ghoda Arts Festival
All the performances at this festival feature a rich tradition of costumes and props. The color outfit is decorated with embroidery and traditional designs that tell of India’s culture. Theatre groups have detailed costumes and props used in their plays, which tend to blend both old and new styles.
The streets are treated as an open art gallery full of life-size sculptures and creative installations. Many of them are made of green materials, depicting the festival’s awareness of environmental issues. The visitors get a burst of colors and creativity at every step.
Acts That Steal the Show
Courtesy: Kala Ghoda Arts Festival
The essence of KGAF lies in the performances that feature a fusion of traditional and modern art. Mythological and folk-based plays that raise social issues engage the theater lovers. The dance performances range from Bharatanatyam and Kathak to contemporary and fusion dances. The street performers come in the form of mimes, puppeteers, and flash mobs. Such acts are very engaging as they involve the audience for a great fun time and memories.
Music: Intermingling of cultures and genres
Image Courtesy: Folk Masti
Another significant feature of the festival is music. Everything, from subtle, nice Indian classical ragas to energetic indie bands and jazzy combinations, is represented. International artists also join in and share global sounds with the festival. Night concerts in the amphitheater are the biggest hits. Singing live music against the night sky is quite magical for the guest.
This Year’s Theme: Silver Threads of Creativity
Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is hosting its Silver Jubilee in the year 2025 with the theme of ‘Silver Threads of Creativity.’ The theme would represent 25 years of arts and creativity and how the past relates to the future.
The festival would hold events like:
Workshops on sustainability and innovation.
Exhibitions on the history and growth of KGAF.
Community projects promoting inclusion and teamwork.
It highlights the success this year, besides the vision toward the future that art and culture will take under its wings.
Workshops of All Ages
Courtesy: Kala Ghoda Arts Festival
KGAF runs exciting workshops by involving visitors in handling art and all are open to everyone, from the beginners to professionals. Some of these include:
Painting and mixed media: Learn some new styles.
Photography: Learn the techniques of photography from experts.
Creative writing: Learn to enhance storytelling and writing abilities.
Some courses are specifically for children like origami, clay modeling, and storytelling. These are all engaging activities which motivate little minds to explore beyond their imagination.
Visual Arts: A feast to the Eyes
The visual arts section is one of the usual highlights of this festival. Presentations on niches like paintings, sculptures, and even multimedia installations set in a mode tied to the theme of the year, thus showing unbelievable creativity. The main street of the festival is Rampart Row. This street is an outdoor gallery since it contains murals, graffiti, and 3D artworks. Many are made from recycled materials, thus showing that the festival really cares about sustainability.
Heritage Walks and Tours
There are heritage walks that the festival organizes for those interested in history and architecture. The guided walks include the following :
David Sassoon Library, an old library containing knowledge.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, an art and history museum.
Horniman Circle, a silent garden with a colonial look.
These walks will help visitors understand the heritage of Mumbai and what makes this Kala Ghoda district so culturally important.
Food and Shopping at KGAF
Food and shopping will be available as a vibrant combination. Right from the famous street food to dosas, vada pav, and from Italian to the delicious cuisine of the Middle East, one would find them all in food stalls. Markets are filled with handcrafted things, jewelry, clothes, and much more ecological stuff. You can purchase different kinds of souvenirs here along with local artisans’ work.
Conclusion
The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival, 2025, is going to be a celebration of 25 years of art and culture. From stunning performances and workshops to mouth-watering food and inspiring art, the festival has something for everyone. The theme of this year’s festival revolves around the journey of art over the years and looks forward to a sustainable and inclusive future. Do not miss this festival from 25th January to 2nd February 2025, and experience the magic of Kala Ghoda. It is a once-in-a-lifetime celebration you don’t want to miss!
What are the dates of Kala Ghoda Arts Festival 2025?
The date of the festival is from 25th Jan to 2nd Feb 2025. It is an immersion into the culture for nine days.
Do I have to pay an entrance fee?
No. All the events at KGAF are free to attend, and everyone is welcome. Feel free to watch everything, then.
How can I see the event calendar?
Official schedule will appear on the website of the Kala Ghoda Association as and when dates get announced. Log on to the website for further details.
Is there an activity at this festival suitable for children?
Yes, Kala Ghoda Festival organizes lots of activities for kids like origami, clay modeling, and storytelling. These are all engaging activities which motivate little minds to explore beyond their imagination.
How to get a performing or selling space here?
All such information related with the application along with the last date can be found online through Kala Ghoda Arts Festival official website.
Hampi is one of the southern places in Karnataka, India, that’s a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It boasts of brilliant history, culture, and architectural brilliance. It used to be the capital of the great Vijayanagara Empire during the 14th century to the 16th century. Hampi, today, is an open-air museum with ancient temples, bustling bazaars, royal pavilions, and intricate sculptures. This historical wonder continues to enthrall visitors from all over the world as the culmination of South Indian culture and architecture.
The history of Hampi goes back to the Mauryan Empire, but Hampi actually thrived in the period of the Vijayanagara Empire. Hampi was a great commercial center with trade, religion, and art that attracted merchants and artisans from Persia and Portugal. The rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire, especially during Krishnadevaraya’s reign, established Hampi as their capital and executed some of the most ambitious architectural projects, turning Hampi into a culture and economics nerve center.
During its zenith, the city was decked with brilliant temples, palaces, and markets that placed it among the wealthiest cities on earth. This fall marked the end of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 and ended in complete destruction, leaving poignant ruins as a tale of a glorious past. Remnants of an old time are also visible but signify the great influence of the power of this empire over the subcontinent of India.
Architectures in Hampi are a blend of Dravidian and Indo-Islamic styles, which are a reflection of the cultural synthesis of the Vijayanagara period. Some of the notable structures include:
The Virupaksha Temple: One is the heart of Hampi spiritually and it is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It provides its followers with a towering gopuram, which includes intricate carvings. It also features a worshipping space. There is an exquisite display on the outer wall of this structure of mythological stories and gods. A massive linga is found in the sanctum of this temple.
Vittala Temple: Famous for its musical pillars and for one of the iconic stone chariots, Vittala Temple epitomises the artistry and the engineering of its times. The pillars of the major hall in the temple make musical sounds when struck; as they are stone carvings.
Hazara Rama Temple: This temple is ornamented with bas-reliefs of scenes from the Ramayana. It was a private chapel for the royal family. The detailed carvings tell the epic stories of Ramayana, which add a spiritual dimension to the site.
Elephant Stables: Architecturally striking, the stables house royal elephants; the building is representative of Indo-Islamic structures with domed roofs and arched gateways. These elephant stables, a semicircle, reflect that the Vijayanagara court attached a lot of value to the presence of elephants.
Lotus Mahal: Lovely pavilion at Royal encircle blending Islamic arches to Hindu motifs. In it, the architecture stands exceptional because of dainty designing in flowers and intricate works on stucco showing great gaiety associated with Vijayanagara rulers.
Hampi is not a mere land filled with ruins but more about an abode that is considered a cultural hotspot where every history comes to life owing to various festivals, rituals and local traditions. The Hampi Utsav, an annual celebration of music, dance, puppet shows, and more, brings all the heritage of the city alive.
Folklores and legends of the locals have been shared by guides and villagers that add a level of mysticism to seeing Hampi. These stories are passed on from generation to generation, so the site is as much a historical experience but also a very personal visit for the visitors. Here, the tales of the monkey kingdom Kishkindha that have been associated with Ramayana are vivid enough to make Hampi a spiritual destination for devotees and mythology enthusiasts alike.
Mythological Connections Associated with Hampi
Hampi holds an important place in Indian mythology, especially in the Indian epic Ramayana. It is said to be Kishkindha, the kingdom of monkeys where Lord Hanuman was born. The Anjanadri Hill, named after the mother of Lord Hanuman, Anjana, and the Rishimukh Hill adjacent to it, are all associated with important episodes of the Ramayana.
These mythological associations have made Hampi a sacred destination for the pilgrims as well as for the myth enthusiasts. Ancient temples and shrines of Lord Hanuman dot the hilltops, giving a heavenly shine to the landscape.
Hampi Artistic Legacy
Hampi was once the capital of a golden era with numerous arts and crafts flourishing. It was indeed the patrons of classical music, dance, and literary arts that were the Vijayanagara rulers. The residual of this artistic prowess at the city can be distinctly seen in the intricate carving done on temples and monuments.
This artistic legacy influences many of the modern-day artists and scholars. These carvings in temples depict minute details of the gods, mythological scenarios, and courtly exercises and stand as a true masterpiece of the art created in the Vijayanagara period. The sculptures were not mere decorations; they were narrations that could provide insights into daily life and rituals of times long gone.
To preserve the heritage of Hampi, there are so many challenges one has to deal with. UNESCO along with Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has kept many under preservation. Issues like encroachment and illegal constructions coupled with excessive tourism erode the glory of Hampi. Proper sustainable tourism along with engagement of people are needed.
The delicate balance between making the site accessible to visitors and maintaining its authenticity is a careful management job. Awareness and education programs would help in promoting responsible tourism practices that would ensure Hampi remains vibrant and valuable in India’s cultural heritage for years to come.
Conclusion
Hampi is not a destination; it is an appealing passageway to the past glory of India. It lets the visitor travel back into his past with its incredible temples, fabulous mythological stories, and breathtaking landscapes. A continuous effort in preserving this site under the world heritage list makes these ancient ruins continue telling their magical stories about kings, myths, and artistic excellence. From visiting the ancient temples to hiking up Matanga Hill to enjoy a sunrise view, to merely sitting in the tranquil atmosphere that comes with the Tungabhadra River, Hampi is an absolute mix of history, culture, and beauty of nature. Let us love it and preserve this wonder so that Hampi continues to inspire generations to come.
FAQs About Hampi
1.Why is Hampi famous?
Hampi is known for its rich history, beautiful architecture, and cultural importance as the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
What are the must-visit places in Hampi?
Virupaksha Temple, Vittala Temple, Lotus Mahal, Elephant Stables, and Matanga Hill are the most attractions to visit in Hampi.
Which season is considered to be best for the Hampi tour?
The best time to see Hampi is in October and February as the weather would be pleasant. That means one can easily visit that place for exploration purposes.
By what means is Hampi accessible?
Hampi can be reached by roadways, railways, and flight. The nearest railway station is Hospet Junction, and the nearest airport is Hubli, 150 km away.
What are the tourist activities in Hampi?
Tourists can visit ancient ruins, trek up the hills, enjoy coracle rides on the Tungabhadra River, and experience the cultural festivity of Hampi Utsav.
Few Lines about Hampi
Hampi was the capital of the richest city in history, the Vijayanagara Empire.
It contains the famous stone chariot within the Vittala Temple complex.
It is believed Hampi is in relation with the mythical monkey kingdom named Kishkindha of the epic Ramayana.
Virupaksha Temple Hampi is a UNESCO world Heritage site that is an operational place of worship.
Hampi has over 1,600 monuments and includes temples, palaces, and pavilions.
The Hampi Utsav celebrates the region’s cultural heritage with grandeur.
The Natural beauty of Hampi and the historical Tungabhadra river add glamour to it.
From the snow-capped highlands of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh to the short winters of South India, the country eagerly expects the winter season as it brings with it the simple joys of life. Aside from lazy, languid days spent with family, chilly nights by the fireplace, or steaming hot cups of coffee with a book in hand, winter bestows its gifts in the form of cuisine in all parts of the country in all shapes, sizes, and flavours.
For generations, winter has meant incorporating new and distinct dishes and foods into our daily diet. Winter is said to be the best season for increasing human immunity. People appear to be more hungry during the winter season than normal. Furthermore, the systems inside the body function better during this season than during other times of the year, which improves the process of food digestion within the body. Overall, this results in more nutrients being delivered to the body. Human hunger has a natural desire to devour warm food as the temperature drops. It mostly desires substantial foods that give sustenance and comfort.
As a result, the food market, like the merchants, comes alive with energy and colour throughout this season. The body needs extra calories to stay warm, and foods that provide immunity as well as critical nutrients to help us get through the winter are easily included into our winter diet in all of India’s cuisines.
From the wonderful and timeless traditional gajar ka halwa to lesser-known pleasures like harissa, here are numerous winter foods from around the country that are prepared and savoured.
Ghee-dripping delectable gajar ka halwa, an all-time favourite, is painstakingly made across the country. With the addition of dry fruits like almonds, cashew nuts, and pista, this sweet treat is mostly created in the Northern portion of the nation during the winters, when the carrot harvest is at its peak.
Skyu, a traditional soup-like Ladakhi delicacy made with veggies and wheat dough kneaded into flat thumb-size balls, is one of the lesser-known winter specialties. These flat balls are cooked on low heat with water and root vegetables like carrots and turnips and served with meat. This is a staple in the region to beat the cold temperatures that frequently fall below freezing during the winter. Skyu is also available in oma (milk) form, which substitutes milk for water as the main ingredient.
Gushtaba, another culinary gem from one of India’s coldest areas, is a popular dish in Kashmiri cuisine. Refusing a bowl of Gushtaba is considered an insult to the host, in part because of the passion and time that goes into making this savoury dish. This rich preparation is often served at the end of the meal and is made with minced mutton balls that are slow-cooked in royal spices like cinnamon, cardamom, asafoetida, and so on, along with curd. While the curd helps to balance the heat, it’s the spices, meat, and mustard oil that make it the best warm food for the winter.
Jhola nolen gur, the crown gem of Bengal’s sweet delights, is the freshest batch of liquid date palm jaggery with a rich sweet texture with woody and caramel overtones. It comes in two types: liquid and solid. The liquid version is known as Jhole nolen gur, while the solid version is known as Patali gur. While both can be consumed on their own without any accompaniment, they are also used to make a variety of desserts such as Pithe, Sandesh, and Payesh. Nolen gurer roshogolla and payesh is a must-order dessert.
Undhiyu, a Gujarati winter delicacy that takes hours to create, is a labour of love and time. Undhiyu is a classic dish comprised of mixed vegetables, spices, and loads of ghee that is a healthy indulgence away from the rich cuisine commonly enjoyed in other regions of the nation during the winters. It is named after the vernacular phrase ‘undhu,’ which means ‘upside down,’ since it is usually made upside down underground in matlu (earthen pots) with continual fire from above.
This lip-smacking meat-based treat originated in the Awadhi cuisine of Lucknow and is sure to brighten up your chilly mornings. Nihari, a slow-cooked meat stew generally made with beef or mutton, is typically eaten for breakfast. This rich and spicy dish takes a long time to prepare and is best served the next morning with puris. The melting meat wrapped in a medley of flavours is a must-try.
Although Thukpa has its origins in eastern Tibet, it is extremely popular among all communities in the state of Sikkim. Thukpa, when combined with a variety of veggies, is quick to prepare and fills the stomach while warming the heart. Locals regard this dish as the epitome of comfort food, and a bowl of this piping hot Thukpa can brighten anyone’s mellow evenings. Many people in the state also like to pair it with Momos, which is a popular and favourite food item in all of India’s North Eastern states.
Daulat ki Chaat or Malai Makhan, a sought-after sweet delicacy found in purani (ancient) Delhi lanes, is an iconic dish that melts in the mouth in an instant. The light sweet has a cloud-like consistency and is made by churning milk, cream, khoya, or mawa until it forms soft frothy peaks. This early morning treat is topped with dried fruits, sweetened mawa, and saffron.
Most of us have had our fill of Thukpas, but this northern delicacy is a flavor-packed bomb that will keep all winter cold at bay. This delightful broth stew is a traditional Manipuri cuisine cooked with veggies like onions, capsicum, mushrooms, spinach, and a lot of ginger, chillies, and other ingredients. Chi Al Meh is typically eaten as a nutritious dish on its own, but it can also be coupled with noodles.
Zan of Arunachal Pradesh is a famous porridge recipe in Arunachal Pradesh. It is simple to prepare and tasty to eat. This tasty spicy porridge provides a flavour roller coaster and is ideal for cold winter days. While enjoying the warmth of Zan this winter, one can be assured of good taste and nourishment.
The chikki is one such delectable winter delicacy. This delicious and crunchy brittle made with jaggery, almonds, and ghee is popular throughout the country! In India, the chikki is known by a variety of names, including ‘layiya patti’ in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, ‘layee or lai’ in Sindh, and ‘palli patti’ in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. This winter food is so popular that you can easily get a variation of chikkis in every other neighbourhood store.
Raab is a warm drink made mostly of bajra, jaggery, ajwain, ginger powder, and other components that give immediate relief from cold symptoms. Raab’s consistency is similar to Sheera, a Northern state native cold cure composed with besan, ghee, milk, and jaggery. Bajra, sometimes known as the “poor man’s mainstay,” is a nutrient-dense food with several health advantages. It is a starchy grain high in fibre that provides your body with much-needed energy. Bajra is an essential grain for heart patients because it contains niacin, which may effectively decrease harmful cholesterol levels in the body.
Panjiri is a winter delicacy. It is a thick, succulent ladoo-like sweet that is one of the most soothing dishes that might help us get through the next cold days. Whole wheat flour (atta), clarified butter (ghee), dried fruits, makhana, and edible gum are used to make it (gond). This grainy sweet packs a nutritional punch and is claimed to boost immunity to guard against common diseases like colds and coughs throughout the winter months.
Beetroot Thoran is a quick and simple stir-fry of ruby-red beets and shredded coconut seasoned with mild Indian spices and finished with a squeeze of fresh lime. It’s a vegan and gluten-free South Indian side dish that showcases the sweet and earthy tastes of beets. A short sauté in olive oil with shredded coconut, dark mustard seeds, turmeric, coriander, and cayenne pepper, then finished with fresh lime juice. It just takes 10 minutes to prepare the beets and another 10 minutes to cook them for a 20-minute side dish with tonnes of flavour!
Fresh green peas are plentiful during the New Year basant. Green chickpeas, also known as chholia or hare chaney, are a desi favourite that can be found in vegetarian and meat curries, as well as a variety of traditional dishes such as chholia pulav (spiced vegetable rice dish containing cooked chholia). When combined with plain rice, it creates a refreshing twist on classic pulao. It’s a basic dish that’s great for quick preparation, especially when you’re looking for light dinners.
Shakarkandi chaat is a sweet and tangy street snack made of sweet potatoes (shakarkandi) seasoned with chaat masala, spices, and aromatics, and served with a variety of toppings. In Delhi, where the original shakarkandi chaat dish was developed, street food sellers sell it from their thelas (handcarts). Shakarkandi roasted over a charcoal fire has a seductive smokey flavour and scent. Shakarkandi chaat is not only a delicious snack, but it is also a favourite cuisine during fasting times for Hindu holidays such as Navratri, Mahashivratri, and Ekdashi. It is eaten on upwas or vrat (fasting) days because it is full, healthy, and delicious.
One of the best parts of winter weekends is waking up to a sliver of sunlight but a plate full of pakoras and a hot cup of tea. Because methi and palak are traditional winter vegetables, they can be used in a variety of vegetable combinations during the winter. However, lazing around in warm blankets with a plate full of methi and palak pakoras is an indulgence everyone should go for!
This Assamese dish, which is frequently served with tea as an afternoon snack, is not as simple to prepare as it appears. Cooking Til Pitha, or sesame pancakes, takes practice because it’s a delicate dish, but the burst of flavour provided by jaggery is worth every extra minute spent on the stove. It is traditionally prepared during the Magh Bihu celebrations in January.
Rogan josh is a fragrant lamb curry with Persian origins, however it is now more strongly linked with India’s Kashmir area. The dish has delicate beef and a rich, hot crimson sauce made with deseeded Kashmiri chilies. Lamb is usually cooked in a sauce composed of caramelised onions, garlic, yoghurt, ginger, and fragrant herbs and spices. The dish’s name is derived from two words: rogan, which means clarified butter or oil, and josh, which means passion or fire. Rogan josh is typically served with plain or spiced basmati rice and Indian flatbreads like naan on the side. Since the 1950s, when Indian cuisine was introduced to the country, the dish has also become popular in the United Kingdom.
Mutton Paya Soup, also known as Paya Shorba, is a wonderful soup prepared from lamb trotters. Lamb legs are regarded to be the greatest and most affordable source of calcium, protein, and minerals. The paya soup is a very healthy soup for children, both young and elderly. This transparent soup, created by boiling trotters and spices in a large amount of water, too has a history and is said to have travelled from several places and civilizations. Paya’s popularity grew as a result of the coastal Mappila people of Kerala, who enjoyed their mutton and Paya was a big hit with them. In fact, the current paya shorba or Attukal paya owes its creation to them.
It’s a win-win situation for everyone when it comes to winter cuisine. After all, eating nutritious home-cooked meals made with fresh ingredients is always preferable to swallowing marketed tablets. Don’t pass up the opportunity to consume as many winter dishes as possible in order to avoid having to wait until the next season. Let’s hope you have a well-fed winter!
Conclusion
India’s winter foods are a celebration of flavor, warmth, and tradition. It’s a win-win situation for everyone when it comes to winter cuisine. After all, eating nutritious home-cooked meals made with fresh ingredients is always preferable to swallowing marketed tablets. Don’t pass up the opportunity to consume as many winter dishes as possible in order to avoid having to wait until the next season. Let’s hope you have a well-fed winter!
FAQs on Traditional Winter Foods of India
What are the health benefits of traditional winter foods in India?
Winter traditional foods help the body boost its immunity, warm it up, and provide it with essential nutrients. They are rich in healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals that help keep the body strong during the cold months.
How do winter foods differ in different regions of India?
Winter foods in India are very different from one region to another. Northern states provide rich, ghee-based dishes like Gajar Ka Halwa and Nihari, while the South shows lighter, vegetable-based recipes like Beetroot Thoran and Shakarkandi Chaat.
What are some vegetarian winter foods in India?
Vegetarian winter foods include dishes like Undhiyu, Chholia Pulav, and Beetroot Thoran, which are full of vegetables and spices, giving both warmth and nourishment.
Can winter foods be prepared in other seasons?
Though most of these recipes are a part of winter, they can be prepared all year round. Although some dishes like Gajar Ka Halwa are to be relished when the key ingredients are available in season.
Are these winter foods suitable for all age groups?
Yes, most winter foods are healthy and can be enjoyed by people of all ages. Though, some dishes like Nihari or Gushtaba, are best suited to adults because they contain richly spiced ingredients.
Few Lines on Traditional Winter Foods of India
Warm up winters with the flavor of Gajar Ka Halwa, a sweet from North Indian cuisine, laced with ghee and dry fruits.
For Ladakhi delicacy skyu, if you are living in freezing temperature, it can be the perfect comfort food for you.
Kashmiri winter food is considered complete with slow-cooked Gushtaba or mutton balls.
Jhola Nolen Gur, or liquid date palm jaggery, is considered the sweet flavor of Bengal.
Undhiyu, a Gujarati winter dish, is a savory delight made with mixed vegetables and loads of ghee.
Nihari, a hearty meat stew, is an essential Awadhi winter breakfast that will melt your heart.
Warm up with a bowl of spicy and nutritious Zan, a porridge dish from Arunachal Pradesh ideal for winter comfort.
Operating a small business requires effective, efficient, and sound tools. The good news is that today, most complex finance calculators can also be accessed from the comfort of home. These online calculators can estimate expenses, profit, and deductions, taking accuracy and analysis to a higher level.
Here are five online calculators that small business owners must employ to make sound business decisions and enhance returns.
5 Financial Calculators for Small Business Owners
Online finance calculators are a quick reference tool for anyone monitoring the performance of investments, managing business costs, or sourcing funds for upcoming projects. Let’s explore five calculators that can simplify your financial management:
ROI Calculator
An ROI calculator is a valuable tool for assessing possible profits from an investment in a product or service. It also helps business-to-business settings, as most decisions concern large capital investments and strategic plans.
An ROI calculator helps determine an investment’s potential value over time once specific parameters such as cost and benefits are fed into the program. For instance, a calculator may show that purchasing a long-lasting product is more financially beneficial than making frequent purchases of a cheaper product.
In the same way, it can assist the business owner in determining the cost-benefit of major expenses, which may include the acquisition of new equipment or services, since it demonstrates how they can benefit the business in the long run.
Break-even Calculator
A break-even calculator is valuable for comparing fixed and variable costs and revenue to identify where all expenses are met and the profit generated. It simplifies the break-even analysis using a straightforward formula: fixed costs divided by the contribution margin, which is the gross price of the product minus the variable costs.
This tool helps when a company is starting up, developing new products, or completely changing its business model. It assists in identifying an achievable pricing strategy and sales goals since it shows the minimum number of units that need to be sold to make a profit.
Apart from the break-even point, the calculator can show the potential profit and the organisation’s capacity, indicate pricing difficulties, and identify opportunities for automation or a reduction in expenses. Thus, awareness of variations in the break-even point allows for more effective decisions, enhancing enterprises’ financial and organisational performance.
Invoice Generator
An invoice generator is an online tool for producing necessary invoices for products and services marketed. Users can easily create professional legal invoices in India using details about their business, customers, and the price of the items sold.
An invoice maker can create various invoices, such as B2B, B2C, GST e-invoice, export bill, etc. However, online invoice generators differ from a blank template in MS Word or Excel since they offer unique and easy standardised procedures for creating bills and tracking payments.
For instance, in India, the generation of B2B e-invoices has become mandatory for entities with an annual turnover of ₹100 crores and above. An online calculator can make this process much faster and more efficient.
An online invoice generator also helps track stocks, check the flow of money, and send reminders about due payments, making the tool necessary for businesses that previously used manual invoicing systems.
Cash Flow Calculator
The cash flow calculator is a tool used by companies and accountants to estimate the cash flow rate derived from total income and total expenditure. Cash flow comprises initial cash, sources of cash through customers, sales of assets and investments, and other incomes from borrowing. Utilisation includes cash for wages, rents, and interest on borrowing.
A cash flow calculator simplifies complex computations, helping organisations budget for cash inflows, outflows, receivables, payables, and operational needs. It also supports working capital management and tracking loan repayments, providing a clear picture of financial stability.
The tool offers insights into liquidity and overall financial health by estimating and comparing cash movements over time. Additionally, it enables forecasting of net cash flow and balances, equipping organisations to plan effectively for future growth.
80D Deduction Calculator
The Indian state has provided policymakers with the ability to categorise health insurance premiums and preventive health check-ups under section 80D of the Income Tax Act.
These deductions are limited annually, and additional deductions are allowed under the age and relation standards. For individuals below 60, the deduction allowed is ₹25000, out of which ₹5000 is allowed under preventive check-ups, while for senior citizens, the deduction allowed is ₹50000.
An 80D calculator makes it easier to compute these tax deductions. It calculates the eligible deduction amount by considering factors such as premiums paid and preventive check-up expenses. This tool clearly explains how much tax can be saved and how to optimise expenses under section 80D.
Importance of Financial Calculators for Small Business Owners
Online calculators help in simple and complex scenarios and are used for budgeting, loan planning, and investment forecasting. They offer precision, ease, and speed, making them crucial tools in financial decision-making processes.
Saves Time with Quick Calculations
Financial calculators compute values far faster than humans, making the work lighter. This efficiency allows you to spend more time and effort analysing your finances, budgeting wisely, or even investing.
Ensures Accuracy in Financial Planning
Manual assessments can be stringent, especially when many features are employed. Financial calculators do not have this risk since they are accurate, showing you the result as precise as possible.
Convenience at Your Fingertips
As mentioned earlier, financial calculators are available anywhere and at any time, and they help you easily manage your finances. With them, you can do complex calculations quickly, regardless of your location.
Support for Planning and Forecasting
These calculators assist in setting targets for how much to save, how much to pay on a loan, or how much one is likely to earn from an investment. They are particularly helpful in forecasting one’s financial future with certainty.
Financial calculators help manage business finances efficiently. They take less time, are more accurate, and provide better decision-making. They are great for developing a budget, predicting investments, and reaching financial targets quickly.
The UK entry requirements for Indians in 2025 can be quite easier to navigate when you have the right information to help you plan. Over the last decade, many more Indians have continued to migrate into the UK for work, business, study or family using the UK visa route.
Whether you are considering a visa option that allows you a temporary visit, or a long term stay in the UK – you have to comply with the documentation and entry requirements stipulated by the UK immigration rules for Indians. This article will help you familiarize with the updated UK entry requirements to achieve a stress-free application process in 2025.
What Are the Updated UK Visa Options for Indians in 2025?
Work, study, business or family dependent? This section will provide adequate insight on the updated UK visa option you can explore as an Indian immigrant in 2025.
The UK Skilled Worker Visa
If you are a highly skilled Indian professional that has received an employment offer from a registered UK company, this is the ideal visa category for you! Your employment contract must be within the minimum salary threshold of £38,700and the company must be ready to issue you a CoS(Certificate of Sponsorship) to aid your application process.
This visa category allows you to work and live in the UK for a duration of 3 to 5 years while offering you the flexibility of changing employers within the same sector during your stay. and includes work rights for dependents. You can expect to get feedback on your application status within the next 4-8 weeks, with priority services available for faster processing.
India Young Professionals Scheme
This visa category is for young Indian professionals between the age of 18 – 30 years who wish to work in the UK for a duration of two years without a certificate of sponsorship from a UK employer. As a way to improve the bilateral relations between both countries, this scheme was specifically created by the UK government to provide 3,000 visas to young Indians every year. If your application is approved, you have the liberty to work in any industry niche in the UK.
High Potential Individual (HPI) Visa
If you or any Indian you know studied or graduated from a top global university, please recommend this visa route to them. Qualified Indian graduates have the opportunity to work in the UK even if they haven’t received a job offer prior to their application. They’ll be granted a UK visa with a two-year duration of stay or three if they have a PhD degree in any field. This visa immigration route aims to attract foreign talents to work and live in the UK so it’s a great idea to maximize it if you fall into the category.
UK Graduate Route
Perfect for Indian students who are about to complete their studies in a licensed UK institution of learning. With this visa option, you’ll have the opportunity to live, work or start a business in the UK for a period of 2 years, or 3 years for PhD holders. Many more Indian students in the UK are beginning to prioritize this option because of the flexibility and ease it offers with the visa application and requirements.
The UK Scale-up Visa
Similar to the skilled worker visa, this UK visa category also allows highly skilled Indian professionals to join a UK company and work with them for a duration of 5 years with an opportunity to file for permanent residency in the UK. Indians on this visa route can equally change employers after the first six months of working with a UK company.
The UK Global Business Mobility Visa
If you already run an active business in India and wish to start up a new UK branch or, send a senior executive/ graduate trainee in your company to an already existing UK branch of your business, this visa category affords you that opportunity. Indian businesses establishing presence or transferring staff to the UK.
The UK Digital Nomad Visa
For Indian remote workers who want to live in the UK and work remotely with different employers across the globe, this UK digital nomad visa is a friendly option to explore for digital skilled Indian workers.
The UK Family Dependent Visas
If you are a spouse, fiance or family to UK residents with a legal permit to live in the UK, the UK family dependent visa allows you to join them for a long-term stay and eventually earn the right to live, work and study in the UK.
With this visa pathway, you no longer have to separate from your Indian family relations in the UK. Application process and pricing relatively varies with the kind of dependent visa you are opting for(spouse or sibling) and duration of stay.
For more detailed information on the application process, cost and UK immigration rules for Indians considering any of these visa options, check here.
What Indians Need to Know About UK Entry Requirements in 2025
Here are the UK entry requirements for Indians traveling to the UK from India in 2025;
A UK visa. To be legally permitted to enter into the UK for whatever reasons, you would need to apply and be approved for a UK visa. You can consider consulting with an immigration lawyer on the visa option that suits you best.
UK immigration health surcharge(IHS). You are mandated to pay the fee as an immigrant so you can access quality healthcare in the UK.
Evidence of adequate funds to support your finances during your stay in the UK. The standard amount varies with the visa category but note that you would need a bank statement from your Indian account to support your claims.
Evidence of proficiency in English Language or a pass score on the IELTS / TOEFL test.
A tuberculosis test certificate that certifies that you do not have tuberculosis.
Police clearance certificate to prove your criminal record history
(Not compulsory) Travel insurance that allows you access medical care during emergencies or refunds for trip cancellations.
No banned goods, weapons (not even a pepper spray), food products, substances or cash more than €10,000 in your personal baggage.
Important Documents for Indians Entering the UK in 2025
Here is a list of important documents for Indians traveling into the UK from India. Please make sure all documents are clearly written in English or properly translated by a certified translation service.
A six months valid passport showing previous travel history
A copy of your recent passport photographs
Evidence of housing or accommodation arrangements.
Evidence of payment for IHS
Legally binding marriage certificate (If applicable)
#Didyouknow that a very active art scene of prints existed in 19th century Bengal in North Calcutta (now Kolkata) which was available for everyone? We are talking about the ‘Battala prints’ which were made in different forms on reasonably priced paper. There were pamphlets, posters, illustrations for books, ephemera, artworks, advertisements for the local jatra, (a form of theatre) enjoyed by all folk. This artform made as a woodcut or metal-cut print which evolved from the Kalighat ‘pat’ was a great leveller and seems to have had no boundaries. Innovation was very well accepted. Let us find out more about this artform and take a nostalgic journey!
What is a woodcut?
Rabindranath Tagore, Linocut on paper by Chittaprosad, 8.5 x 11.5 in., DAG Museums. Wikimedia
According to the EncyclopaediaBritannica, “Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain (unlike wood engraving, where the block is cut in the end-grain). The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller (brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas. Since its origins in China, the practice of woodcut has spread around the world from Europe to other parts of Asia, and to Latin America. Woodcut, which appeared in the 8th century in the East and in the early 15th century in the West, is the earliest known relief-printing method. Although woodcuts are generally conceived in bold lines, or large areas, tonal variations can be achieved with textures, a variety of marks made with gouges, chisels, or knives. In contemporary woodcuts many other methods, such as scraping, scratching, and hammering, are also used to create interesting textures. The standard procedure for making a woodcut with two or more colours is to cut a separate block for each colour. If the colour areas are distinctly separated and the block is large, one block can be used for more than one colour. All blocks must be the same size to assure that in the finished print the colours will appear in their proper relation to one another, that is, properly registered”
Journey of the Woodcuts of Bengal
Chitpur Road, Old Calcutta, published in 1867 in India: Ancient and Modern by William Simpson. – Wikimedia
Woodcut printing happened at Bat-tala which literally means the underneath area (tala) of a banyan tree (bat or ‘baut’) or the environs of a banyan grove. The area probably had a number of trees at that point of time. Now they are not found. The art of printing took place in the lanes of this area in North Kolkata, in fact it is the birthplace of the Bengali printing presses in the early 19th century. The woodcutters lived around the Chitpur and Shovabazaar areas. Stone and burnt clay were also used in printing. Battala was an important centre for woodcuts. The area was a melting pot for cultural activities which included jatra; music programmes, also printing on various topics including religion, mythology, current affairs, mystery and suspense, books on history, biographic plays, even erotica, printing almanacs and calendars, artists workshops and markets as well.
Woodblock printing on fabrics has been in India for centuries which has even been traced to Egypt in the 6th and 7th centuries. Woodblock printing on paper came much later. Battala had many printing presses in the 19th century, around 46 run by Indians. In 1857, 322 titles in Bengali were produced from these presses, among which there were 19 almanacs. In fact, Biswanath Deb was the first person to set up a press in 1818 and published the first title. The Battala prints could not last for a very long time because of new technology called lithography. Very few of these prints have survived because of humidity and also the quality of paper used was not very good in order to keep its cost less, so many people could buy the same. The Battala area became known for the prints in the early 19th Century. They made their first appearance in the 1820s as book illustrations; by the mid-nineteenth century, printmakers started printing the smaller prints, which often represented Kalighat paintings.
Battala woodcut prints were made by people from all castes. The products covered a plethora of subjects. The books were carried by hawkers to the smaller towns and villages. It is mentionable that other than illustrating books the Battala artists made large letters for handbills and posters, designed for advertisements and labels as well.
The Calcutta woodcuts were quite similar to the Kalighat ‘pat’ artworks. The Kalighat ‘pat’ was a reflection of the times and the social mode which existed then. Battala prints were a variation which flourished most around 1850s and continued to the ’60s and ‘70s. They were cheaper than the Kalighat ‘pat’ made by the patuas. Some were imitations of the ‘pat’. The subjects included Hara-Parvati, Annapurna, Gaur Chaitanya and Krishna-leela. Krishna-leela had Rajasthani influence. Other than these the love story Bidyasunder was in vogue. The Battala artworks had the artist’s name on them and there was a focus on signature styles and individuality. There were many artists; Gobindochandra Rai and Hiralal Karmakar to mention just two. The Kalighat ‘pat’ declined by 1930, while the Battala woodcuts declined by the 1890s. As mentioned, demand for the prints began to decline with the introduction of colour lithography printing. However, for few decades Battala had book engravers for illustration and poster-making for the jatras.
Some glimpses of the artworks
Goddess Durga as Mahishasuramardini, Battala print, circa 1860, Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Wikimedia
Let us check out some prints preserved in different places and appreciate these works which were quaint, beautiful, arty and quirky as well. The first artwork depicts Goddess Durga who is slaying Mahishasura as he is emerging in his human form. Goddess Durga is flanked by Lakshmi and Ganesha on the left and by Sarasvati and Kartikeya on the right. This artwork depicts Durga as she is worshipped during the Durga Puja festival in Bengal.
The artwork titled as “Untitled” looks not so easy to decipher. It is coloured and shows a Ravana like figure probably fighting with a Hanuman like figure from the Indian epic Ramayana. It could have been probably used as a poster for a jatra.
Untitled, Bengal woodcut print, Late 19th century, DAG Museum, India. GIF IT UP India/Flickr
The Met Museum says about the next artwork in two columns – “This double-image is printed from two metal plates on a single sheet of paper is one of the pioneering images of Calcutta print-making. They are referred to as Battala prints, named after Battala, a locality in the Hooghly district of Kolkata, where many local presses had been established in the early to mid-19th century. The print engravers worked both on metal sheets and woodblocks. The print on the left depicts the goddess Kali standing on the prone figure of Shiva, wielding a sacrificial blade in a raised hand while holding by a tuft of hair the severed head of her victim in her lower hand. Her expression, with wide eyes, blood-stained mouth and protruding tongue—intended to instill terror in the disbeliever—is a source of comfort to her devotees.
The second print (right) depicts the goddess Jagadhatri, a form of the Hindu goddess Durga, in a near identical setting of a Europeanized columned pavilion. Like Kali, to whom she is related, Jagadhatri is also honoured lavishly in an annual puja held in the Hooghly district of Kolkata in the month of Kartik (mid-November). A third eye in her forehead and a snake rising above her right shoulder signal her allegiance to Shiva. The goddess sits upon a lotus-cushion, poised majestically upon her lion vehicle (vahana), wielding her divine weapons. She is flanked by two female guards and at her feet kneel a worshipful couple. Both goddesses are framed by a Victorian cusped arch supported on slender openwork pillars with Ionic capitals, all evocative of the cast-iron architectural décor that was such a feature of British Calcutta”.
Goddesses Kali and Jagadhatri circa. 1850–70, by Sri Hemchandra Das, Battala print, Met Museum, New York.
The ‘Reclining lady with a man’ image very much resembles a Kalighat painting. It depicts a Bengali Nawab with his bibi, a upper-class lady who is in a reclining posture.
The image from Wellcome Collection shows Sri Chaitanya and Nityananda standing under a canopy and flanked by Advaita Acharya and Srivasa Thakura, made by artist Govind Chander Rai.
Sri Chaitanya and Nityananda flanked by Advaita Acharya and Srivasa Thakura, Battala woodcut print, 19th century, Wellcome Collection, U K.
A very unique picture of Lord Krishna steering a mayurpankhi (peacock-headed boat) with gopis, the cowherd maidens and an old lady, Radha may be seated in the enclosure.
Krishna steering a peacock-headed boat carrying seven gopis (milkmaids) and an old lady, Battala woodcut print, 19th century, Wellcome Collection, U K.
Though this art is more or less obsolete and few people know of it, it remains an art which reached out to everyone and had a democratic appeal. It has left an indelible mark in the art history of Bengal and can’t be forgotten. Museums and private collectors are still preserving extant examples of this unique artform from 19th century.
Have you ever stepped back after mowing your lawn and thought, “It’s neat, but it’s not quite there yet?” Maybe you’ve noticed those stunning striped or diamond-shaped patterns on golf courses or football fields and wondered how they pull it off. The good news? You don’t need specialised equipment or professional training to achieve the same effect. With a bit of technique and attention to detail, you can turn your lawn into the envy of the neighbourhood.
Why Mowing Patterns Make a Difference
Lawn mowing patterns aren’t just for show, though they do make a fantastic first impression. Creating patterns can actually contribute to a healthier lawn. Alternating directions prevents soil compaction and helps grass blades stand upright, encouraging more even growth. Plus, it’s a simple way to take your lawn care up a notch, giving your yard a professional, polished look that’s sure to wow.
Understanding the Basics of Mowing Patterns
Before diving into specific techniques when using your lawn mower, let’s break down how these patterns work. The secret lies in how light reflects off the grass. When you mow in one direction, the grass is bent toward you, creating a darker stripe. Mowing in the opposite direction bends the grass away from you, making a lighter stripe. The contrast between these light and dark stripes creates the eye-catching effect.
Essential Tools for Success
You don’t need a high-end mower, but the right equipment can make a difference. A rotary or reel mower with a sharp blade is ideal for clean cuts. Adding a roller attachment can help bend the grass more effectively, but if you don’t have one, no worries—you can still create patterns without it.
Step-by-Step: Creating Simple Lawn Stripes
Let’s start with the classic stripe pattern. It’s straightforward, looks fantastic, and sets the foundation for more advanced designs later.
Plan your stripes – Decide which direction you want your stripes to face. Pick a straight landmark like a fence or driveway to help guide your first stripe.
Mow the first stripe carefully – Begin at one end of the lawn and mow in a straight line to the other side. Walk at a consistent pace to keep the stripe even.
Turn around and mow the next stripe – When you reach the edge, turn your mower around and mow back parallel to your first stripe. Keep your lines close together without overlapping too much.
Alternate directions – Continue this process across the entire lawn, alternating the direction of each stripe. The contrast will create those light and dark stripes that make the pattern pop.
Elevate Your Lawn with Advanced Patterns
Once you’ve mastered stripes, why not experiment with something more intricate? Here are a few popular options:
Checkerboard Pattern
This design adds a criss-cross effect to your lawn. Start by mowing straight stripes as described earlier. Then, repeat the process at a 90-degree angle to your original stripes. The result? A neat checkerboard pattern that looks professionally done.
Diagonal Stripes
Diagonal patterns are similar to straight stripes but angled across your lawn. These work particularly well in irregularly shaped yards or to create a sense of depth. Start at one corner and mow diagonally across to the opposite side, then repeat in alternating directions.
Diamond Pattern
For a stunning, high-impact look, combine diagonal stripes into a diamond pattern. Begin by creating diagonal stripes as described above. Then, mow a second set of diagonal stripes in the opposite direction, forming a diamond shape. It’s a bit more time-consuming but worth every minute for the impressive results.
Pro Tips for Picture-Perfect Patterns
Overlap slightly – To keep lines crisp and avoid gaps, overlap your mower slightly with the edge of the previous stripe.
Keep your blade sharp – A dull blade tears the grass rather than cutting it cleanly, leaving ragged edges that ruin the pattern’s look.
Switch up the pattern regularly – Changing directions each time you mow prevents permanent ruts and keeps your grass healthier.
Edge your lawn – Finishing touches like edging around paths or flower beds make patterns stand out even more.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
If your patterns aren’t turning out as expected, don’t worry—small adjustments can make a big difference. Stripes not showing up clearly? Check your mower blade height. Grass that’s too short won’t bend as much, so raise the blade slightly. Uneven lines? Take your time and use visual guides to keep things straight.
The Hidden Bonus: Your Lawn’s Health
Aside from making your yard look amazing, mowing patterns can also improve the health of your grass. Alternating directions helps reduce wear and tear on the same areas, while the gentle bending of grass blades encourages even exposure to sunlight. It’s a win-win for style and substance.
Ready to Impress?
Creating stunning lawn mowing patterns doesn’t have to be complicated. With a little planning, practice, and patience, you can turn your yard into a showpiece that’ll leave everyone asking how you did it. Start with simple stripes, then challenge yourself with checkerboards, diamonds, or other creative designs. Your lawn deserves to stand out, and now you’ve got the tools to make it happen.
Bihar is known for its rich cultural heritage, including a variety of traditional folk dances. Folk dances of Bihar are one of the most important aspects of the culture and heritage of Bihar. Some popular folk dances of Bihar include:-
Jat-Jatin is a popular folk dance of Bihar, performed by the women of the Mithilanchal region. The dance is performed on moonlit nights where the dance shows the love story and the separation of lovers ‘Jat’ and ‘Jatin’. Jat-Jatin is most popular in North Bihar, especially in the Mithila and Kosi region. The dance also enacts and reflects on several social issues like droughts, floods, love, sorrow and poverty. The dance depicts a married couple’s sensitive love and dispute. The story shows the love between couples and how Jat and Jatin were very much in love but had to live separately due to bad conditions. It is mostly performed in moonlight in the monsoon season. The women and pairs dance from midnight to dawn and are usually performed by two people.
This is another very popular folk dance of Bihar. The theme of this dance is social issues, contradictory topics like rich and poor, upper class and lower class and conflict between the traditional and modern lifestyle. This dance form originated in the 20th century as a folk theatre form. The dance form is prevalent in the Bhojpuri- speaking areas of Bihar. This dance form started as a folk theatre play by Bhikari Thakur, a barber by profession. Bhikari Thakur was a well-known playwright and artist of his time and was also referred to as the ‘Shakespeare of Bhojpuri’. He used dance to showcase his views and did it in a sarcastic and entertaining manner which soon became very popular among locals. The Biraha songs used in this dance tell us about the struggle of women who were left behind by their husbands. It gives a clear picture of how women were treated. The female roles in this dance are enacted by male artists with the help of costumes and artificial long hairs.
This folk dance form is a type of prayer dance that stemmed in the Koshi region of Bihar. This is a ritualistic dance performed when there is total drought and the land becomes dry and cracked. This dance form is often performed by women only. It also includes a lead singer, harmonium player, a flutist and a person who plays dholak. Through this dance, people pray and appease Lord Indra, the Lord of rain hoping for a good and life- giving rain as it is crucial and important for agriculture. Along with the dance, the people sing songs that show their conviction and devotion to Lord Indra for a healthy harvest and crops.
This folk dance is performed by the tribal communities of Bihar and several other states. The dance is performed for more religious and social rituals than entertainment purposes. The dance is a form of worship to the Karma tree which symbolizes the Karama Devta, the God of Fate. It is performed by both men and women as they form a two-tiered formation. They dance in a circle, with the dancers holding each other’s hands and moving in a clockwise direction, taking quick, energetic and brisk steps, accompanied by intricate hand movements. The dance is performed to the beat of the traditional dhol and singing. At the end of the dance, the dhol starts to beat fast and loud and everyone dances on a happy note and expresses their happiness and joy.
This dance form is performed to welcome the monsoon season during the month of ‘Shravan’. It lasts the entire season starting from the beginning of the monsoon season till the end of the season. The dance is accompanied with Kajari songs. The dance expresses feelings of happiness, excitement, tranquility and mental refreshment one feels during the change in weather and the commencement of the rainy season. The song also describes the feelings and emotions of the people and the beauty of our planet because of rain. The dance is performed by the maidens and young girls as they dance and express their emotions and joy at the commencement of this season.
Another famous and renowned traditional folk dance of Bihar is Chhau, meaning ‘mask’. The word Chhau is inspired from the Sanskrit word ‘Chhaya’ which means shade. The dance is a combination of martial arts, acrobatics and storytelling and is performed by men. Chhau is typically performed during auspicious occasions and festivals and is accompanied by a dhol. The dancers wear colorful costumes and masks. There are three types of Chhau which are performed in the respective regions with different styles, masks and costumes – Seraikella Chhau, Mayurbhanj Chhau and Purulia Chhau. The Seraikella Chhau is known for its elegant and graceful movements, the Mayurbhanj Chhau is known for its energetic and powerful movements while the Purulia Chhau is known for its elaborate masks and costumes and its way of storytelling. The Chhau dancers hold swords and shields when they perform. Chhau is being recognized as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as an effort to preserve and promote this traditional dance form.
This type of traditional folk dance is performed by the Paika community, a warrior class of Orissa. The dance is also performed by the ‘Munda’ and the ‘Oraon’ tribes. Paika is a type of martial or war dance which includes acrobatic and martial arts movements and is usually accompanied by a dhol and a pepa, which is a type of trumpet. This dance form showcases agility, courage, and excitement. The dancers have weapons with them while dancing; they hold wooden shields and swords in their hands while they engage in fierce combat as part of their performance. This dance is used to demonstrate the physical strength of the performers and is performed during festivals and ceremonies. The performers also wear tight dhotis and colorful turbans.
FAQs on Folk Dances of Bihar
What are the most famous folk dances in Bihar?
Some famous folk dances of Bihar include Jumari, Sohar-Khilona, Domkach, Jhijhiya, and Karma are famous folk dances. These dances depict modern cultures of various areas within the state.
What is special about Jumari Dance in BIhar’s folk culture?
Jumari Dance symbolizes marital happiness and therefore is regarded as the cultural dance of marriage. It also has a social cohesion effect as people participate in it in large numbers and produce rhythmic formations.
What musical instruments are used in the folk dances of Bihar?
Normal instruments like dholak, manjira and harmonium are used in the Bihar folk dances. These instruments complement the performances by adding tunes and beats to them.
When are these dances performed?
It should be noted that most of Bihar’s folk dances are performed during festivities, marriages or other functions like Holi or Navaratri. They also commemorate certain events such as birth and harvest periods.
How could the tourists have a taste of these folk dances?
The folk dances of Bihar can be observed during the festivals and functions, programs of local residents or during the A festivals/program of state tourism. Travellers can use the occasions to visit the countryside and get an actual feel of these traditional dances.
Few Lines on Folk Dances of Bihar
Jumari Dance is a joyful dance that represents marriage and happy family life.
Sohar-Khilona Dance is the dance that is performed to commemorate birth.
Domkach Dance brings laughter for the bride and groom for the wedding of Bihar.
Folk dances of Bihar are colorful and strongly embody both traditions and specific segments of population.
Dholak and harmonium are considered as the common instruments of most of the folk dances of Bihar.
Bihar’s folk dances depict the rural and traditional life of Bihar.
Folk dances remain as a way of passing on events and the history through dances.
Conclusion
Some folk dances of Bihar are Jumari, Sohar-Khilona, Domkach, etc. that are not merely performances but expressions of the very essence of cultural life in Bihar. It gives a reflection of the tradition, emotions, and community spirit which defines people in Bihar.
From celebrating marital harmony to honoring childbirth and enhancing the wedding celebrations, these dances let people peek at the happy moments and significant traditions of Bihar.
Given the financial industry’s volatility and unpredictability, investors look for investment solutions that provide both safety and liquidity. Although traditional fixed deposits (FDs) have long been a well-liked option, the advent of the flexi fixed deposit (FFD) has given investing tactics a fresh perspective.
What is Flexi Fixed Deposit?
A flexi fixed deposit (FFD) is a type of hybrid investment product that combines savings account and regular fixed deposit (FD) features. With the liquidity of a savings account and the benefit of higher interest rates typical of FDs, this option is appealing. With a Flexi FD, you can make a one-time deposit for a predetermined period of time and receive interest at fixed rates. But unlike typical FDs, you can take money out of the account whenever you need to without getting penalized—just as in a savings account. When an amount is put over a predetermined threshold, it automatically becomes a fixed deposit, which has higher interest rates.
Benefits of Flexi Fixed Deposits
Flexi fixed deposits are a popular choice for investors because they have a number of benefits over standard fixed deposits, including:
Liquidity: Flexi FDs offer more liquidity than regular FDs, enabling you to withdraw money as needed without being penalized. They are perfect for handling unforeseen costs or taking advantage of investment possibilities because of their flexibility.
Higher Interest Rates: The interest rates offered by Flexi FDs are usually higher than those of savings accounts and are on par with standard FD rates. This lets you keep access to your money while earning higher returns on your savings.
Auto-Renewal Feature: This feature, which ensures continuous interest income, is included with the majority of flexible savings accounts. This useful feature lowers the chance of losing out on interest revenues and does away with the necessity for manual renewals.
Partial Withdrawals: With Flexi FDs, you can take out portion of your money without having to break your entire deposit. This adaptability aids in keeping a healthy balance between earning larger returns and liquidity.
Minimum Balance Requirement: A flexi FD can be opened with a minimum balance that is often less than that of a regular FD, allowing a greater variety of investors with varying levels of investing capacity to access it.
Safety and Security: Your invested money is protected with Flexi FDs since they are supported by the same safety and security measures as regular FDs. This gives investors looking for safe investing options comfort of mind.
Tax Benefits: In general, flexi FD interest is taxable in accordance with the relevant income tax regulations. To comprehend the precise tax ramifications, it is best to speak with a tax expert.
Flexi Fixed Deposits vs. Traditional Fixed Deposits
Making an informed investment choice requires knowing the main distinctions between traditional fixed deposits and flexible fixed deposits.
Liquidity: Flexi fixed deposits provide more liquidity, enabling penalty-free withdrawals of cash as needed. Conventional fixed deposits limit access to money until they mature and frequently charge early withdrawal penalties.
Interest Rates: Traditional fixed deposits often give marginally higher interest rates than flexi fixed deposits, despite the fact that both alternatives offer greater interest rates than savings accounts. This is a result of flexi FDs’ increased liquidity.
Tenure: Conventional fixed deposits need a lump sum payment for a predefined amount of time and have a fixed tenure. More flexibility is provided by flexi fixed deposits, which permit top-ups and partial withdrawals.
Minimum Balance: Compared to traditional fixed deposits, flexi fixed deposits frequently offer lower minimum balance requirements, which makes them more accessible to investors with a range of investing capacities.
Flexibility: With options like auto-renewal and partial withdrawals, flexi fixed deposits offer more flexibility to meet the needs of a variety of investors. There is less flexibility in terms of accessing funds with traditional fixed deposits.
How to Choose Between Flexi FD and Traditional FD
The decision you make between a traditional fixed deposit and a flexible fixed deposit is based on your risk tolerance and your financial objectives.
Liquidity Requirements: A flexi FD is the best option if you value having quick access to your money and foresee the need for withdrawals. Because of their limited liquidity, traditional FDs might not be appropriate for these kinds of needs.
Interest Rate Sensitivity: Traditional FDs typically give marginally greater interest rates than savings accounts, despite the fact that both offer higher interest rates. A classic FD might be taken into consideration if your main objective is to maximize returns and you are willing to forsake liquidity.
Investment Horizon: A flexi FD provides flexibility for short- or medium-term goals that may demand liquidity. Conventional FDs are better suited for long-term investments when money is not needed right away.
Risk Tolerance: Flexi FDs are appropriate for most investors since they provide a balance between rewards and liquidity. Traditional FDs appeal to investors who can tolerate more risk because of their reduced liquidity but maybe larger rewards.
Conclusion
Combining the flexibility of a savings account with the safety and better returns of traditional fixed deposits, flexi fixed deposits present an alluring investment choice. Flexi fixed deposits offer more accessibility and flexibility than traditional fixed deposits, which are nevertheless a well-liked option for investors looking for higher returns with a set investment horizon. You can maximize your savings and make wise investment decisions by being aware of the main characteristics and advantages of both solutions.
India houses some of the most diverse indigenous tribes. All have their own culture, tradition, and history. These are dispersed in the country’s varied landscape and have lived in a harmonic manner with nature for centuries. Such tribes have preserved ancient customs and ways of living full of folklore, rituals, and art forms. From the deserts of Rajasthan to the lush hills of the Northeast, every tribe’s lifestyle reflects their deep connection to the land, environment, and spiritual beliefs. Their colorful festivals, music, and dances are all testaments to their resilience and adaptability. This article takes you through 20 major tribes of India, giving a glimpse of the customs, practices, and cultural significance of these, which can show the diversity and richness of India’s indigenous heritage.
It is one of the largest indigenous communities in India; its concentration is highly marked in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Historically known for their expert archery and warrior skills, the Bhils have played a crucial role in resisting colonial powers. The language, Bhilodi, and culture are embedded in agricultural traditions. Bhil people have their unique art forms in Pithora paintings, and they celebrate colorful festivals like Holi, Diwali, and Pola. The tribe is full of rituals and dances which celebrate nature and ancestral spirits.
The Santhal is one of the biggest tribes in India, and the majority of its people are found in West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, and Bihar. The Santhals are famous for their colorful music, dance, and festivals. They are deeply attached to nature. They are primarily agriculturalists and rely on rice cultivation. The Sohrai and Baha festivals of the tribe are sung and danced by them along with community gatherings. Here, the Santhal dance is prominent. They have a rich oral tradition that includes folktales and stories of gods.
The Munda tribe mainly inhabits the states of Jharkhand, Bihar, and West Bengal. They possess a very rich historical background. They are famous for resistance against the British colonial era. The Munda believe in a Sarna faith that believes in worshipping nature and the spirits of ancestors. They have subsistence farming and farm crops including rice, pulses, and vegetables. Cultural performances of the Munda people include their dances with some important festivals like Karam and Magha, where harvest ceremonies play the focus.
The Khasi people are predominant in the Meghalaya state. In their society, they trace their lineage through the mothers while properties are passed on from generation to generation through them. People here are good farmers and experts in cultivating rice and vegetables. A culturally important festival of the tribesman is Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, when harvests are over. They Were accompanied with songs and traditional dances. The tribe is also known for its peculiar architecture, including the well-known living root bridges and a peculiar social system where the roles of women in the family are valued.
The tribe resides in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu and is pastoral in nature, especially in cattle rearing and herding. The Toda people live in Thachos, a community of circular houses made of bamboo and thatch. They are also very expert in dairy production. Besides this, the tribe is known for its shawls woven using traditional techniques. They believe in the worship of natural elements and celebrate their festivals, like Thembra, to pay their obeisance to the gods.
The Gond tribe is one of the biggest tribal groups in central India, which can be found in states like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh. Traditionally, they were hunter-gatherers, but today they are mostly agriculturalists. They are also very famous for their colorful Gond paintings, which depict themes of nature, mythology, and spirituality. Their Dussehra and Nag Panchami festivals are celebrated with dances and songs and marked with rituals that symbolize their deeper connection to lands and deities.
The Naga tribe is a collection of sub-tribes spread across the state of Nagaland and parts of Myanmar. Traditionally, Nagas were known for their warrior culture and headhunting practices. The sub-tribes are immensely diverse with each having its distinct dialect, customs, and festivals. The Hornbill Festival is a grand celebration where the different Naga tribes come to celebrate and showcase their rich culture through dance, music, sports, and traditional attire.
8. Warli Tribe
The Warli tribe is in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. It is known for its “Warli art,” or tribal painting, using basic geometric shapes and forms, circles, squares, and triangles. The Warlis were traditionally farmers and hunter-gatherers. They glorify nature on Diwali and Nag Panchami festivals through dances, traditional songs, and prayers to gods and natural spirits.
The Bonda tribe is located in the remote hills of Odisha. Their dress culture and customs are quite unique. Women have tattoos and ornaments on their clothes, and men are mostly bare-chested and in loincloths. Being semi-nomads, the Bondas also practice agriculture of rice, millet, or vegetables. They celebrate their harvest festivals with ritual dances and offerings to gods and goddesses of nature.
Siddis originated from Africa as their forefathers were brought to India as a result of slave trade, merchant routes, and even soldiers. Today, they are present in Gujarat, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Siddis preserved the African culture like music, dance, and food habits. They are also contributors to agriculture. They are master craftsmen in wood products, metal work, and weaving. Their vibrant cultural events are always a mix of African and Indian traditions, such as Diwali and Eid.
The Garos are a matrilineal community that mainly inhabit Meghalaya. In a family setting, Garo women have a very prominent position and have a central position in a lineage. Agriculture is their main economic activity, with rice as the staple crop. The Garo people celebrate the Wangala festival, which is a harvest celebration marked by dances, songs, and rituals. Ancestors and deities play a crucial role in their belief system, in which the tribe maintains a deep spiritual connection to nature.
The Pauri Bhuiya tribe lives in the states of Odisha, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. They are agriculturalists and cultivate crops like paddy, maize, and vegetables. They are good craftsmen at pottery and weaving. They celebrate the Sohrai festival, which falls under the harvest and ancestral spirits festival, where they perform dance, music, and make offerings to the gods.
The Mishing tribe is significantly attached to rivers and forests, as it mainly lives in Assam. Wetland rice-based agriculture is the primary occupation of this tribe for traditional farming besides weaving, for which Mishings are known to produce gorgeous Mishing clothes. They observe the Ali-Ai-Ligang festival for the arrival of the sowing season. The Mishings also have an attractive type of house called chang ghar, which is made of bamboo.
The Rabari community in Rajasthan and Gujarat live like nomads. It mainly raises cattle and sells animals. They are very good at making fantastic woolen textile work, elaborate ornaments, and have a lot of attachment towards nature; hence, their culture relates with the proper care of the animal and land. Some festivals that are followed are Diwali and Pola along with rituals and folk dances.
The Karbi tribe primarily inhabits the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. This tribe is famous for weaving patterns that are uniquely complex and have great skill in making delicate shawls. They mostly adopt slash-and-burn cultivation and are well-linked to the forest. Among them, festivals of Karbi youth attract much popularity by organizing dances, folk songs, etc. related to the youth, games, and their cultures.
16. Paliyan Tribe
The Paliyan tribe, mainly residing in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, is the tribe that is very aware of the forest ecosystem. The people of Paliyan were hunter-gatherers in the past, and today they are experts in honey hunting. They are involved in agriculture and cultivate millet and vegetables. The Paliyan tribe celebrates several nature-related festivals, especially those related to the planting and harvesting seasons.
The Konyak is one of the most known Naga tribes that come from Nagaland. Traditionally, the Konyaks were headhunters and tattoos on their bodies were signs of bravery. The tribe is highly warrior-oriented, and they have very colorful rituals, ceremonies, and festivals such as the Hornbill Festival, which features their traditional music, dance, and rituals.
Lambani is known as the Banjara tribe. They are nomads from Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Karnataka. Lambanis are identified with their colorful dresses, heavy jewelry, and rich embroidery. They have traditionally been traders and nomads, while nowadays, many are involved in farming and handicrafts. Their festivals and rituals celebrate music and dance, especially on harvest festivals.
The Soliga tribe is a semi-nomadic community traditionally found in Karnataka’s Purush Mahadeshwar Hills (MM Hills) and Biligiriranga Hills (BR Hills). This tribe harvests honey and medicinal herbs from forests; otherwise, it practices subsistence farming. Rich reverence for nature and deities such as Purusha Mahadesavara marks this group, and they sustain their cultural heritage with a Dravidian language influenced by Kannada. Known for their ecological knowledge, they play an important role in the preservation of the cougar reserve. Despite facing such challenges as a lack of easy access to health care and education, the Soliga people have been living sustainably under the Forest Rights Act (2006). Efforts are being taken to improve the quality of their life and their cultural heritage.
Chakma tribe lives primarily in northeastern states of India, especially in Mizoram, Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh. The tribe is also known for its art of rice cultivation with the help of its ancient technique of weaving. The religious practices of the tribe follow Buddhism and celebrate many other festivals as well, such as Buddha Jayanti and Makar Sankranti.
Conclusion
Tribes of India are a part of Indian social life. They are important enough to be considered for one’s historical and cultural trip across India. India is one of the most culturally rich countries in the world as every tribe carries its own traditions, language, art forms, and way of life. The tribes keep developing and adapting to modernity, still maintaining their distinctive cultural identities. Whether it is art, music, dance, or social structure, the tribes of India give one a glimpse of the deep heritage of this vast nation.
The understanding and appreciation of these communities not only help celebrate their culture but also ensure that they survive and prosper amidst the challenges of modern life.
FAQs on 20 Major Tribes of India
What is the importance of tribal communities in India?
Tribal communities in India greatly contribute to the nation’s cultural diversity, providing a unique perspective on tradition, art, and lifestyles. They maintain a strong connection with nature, preserving customs and practices that have been passed down for generations.
Which is the largest tribal community in India?
Bhil is the biggest tribal population in India. They belong to Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. The Bhil people are generally popular for their colorful cultures and rich history as one of the most excellent archers.
What is special in the Garo tribe?
Garo people reside in Meghalaya. The Garos have a matriarchal setup and their lineage and inheritance passed from mother to child down the line. Wangala is the harvest season coming to an end.
What are the ways of the Santhal tribe to preserve its culture?
Santhals can be preserved through their energetic dances, songs, and even their major festivals Baha and Sohrai, which would distinctly communicate their agriculture-related living habits.
What are tribal contributions to Indian biodiversity?
Indian tribal communities are a strong custodian of the environment. Their traditional knowledge in flora and fauna, natural farming, and use of resources add extensively to the biodiversity conservation in the country.
Few Lines About 20 Major Tribes of India
Image Source
Bhil tribe is the largest tribal group in India with its traditional archery skills and colorful artwork.
The Santhal tribe is known for their community dances, festivals, and connection to agriculture.
Munda people have a culture deep in folk music and dance, as well as a native language, Mundari.
The Khasi tribe of Meghalaya is one of the matrilineal societies and has the richest oral literature.
Toda from Nilgiris is known for its peculiar dairy farming methods and fine shawl embroidery.
Gond is famous for its brilliant Gond painting and deep reverence for nature.
Assam is the home to India’s most popular weavers and colored fairs, known to be the Karbi Youth Festival
The festival started back in 1999. It derives its name from the majestic “Black Horse” statue that, once upon a time, had been situated there. It evolved from a small regional event to become the world platform through which artists and performers from around the world come to appear at the festival.
