Culture of Rajasthan : Exploring the Vibrant Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals

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March 22, 2021

Culture-of-Rajasthan-01 — Image – Ninara via Flickr

The ancient Rajputana culture of Rajasthan remains engraved in the comparatively modern lifestyle of people. Great dynasties like those of the Rajput and the Marathas have contributed to the diverse and rich history of the state. The vast expanse of deserts, olden forts and palaces, and vibrant arts, all represent the culture of Rajasthan.

We explore in detail below the aspects that govern the traditions of the land.

Traditional Dresses Rajasthan

The traditional dress of Rajasthani women comprise the long, gorgeously embroidered skirt called Ghagra, the blouse called Choli and the light cloth of Odani draped over their head and shoulders. The men, on the other hand, wear a cotton cloth called the Dhoti wrapped around the waist under a traditional shirt known as Kurta. The headgear of Pagadi is an important aspect of their attire as a mark of cultural pride.

Music and Dance of Rajasthan

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Music-and-Dance — Image – Well-Bred Kannan via Flickr

The multitude of dynasties that ruled the land of Rajasthan resulted in a diverse variety of folk music and dance from one region to another. They are similar in flavor yet different in their techniques and styles. The reputable groups of Manganiyar and Langa have made valuable contributions to the folk music of Rajasthan. The Ragas are dedicated to appropriate occasions, as during the pre-monsoon season when the performers call upon the rains. Other famous folk groups include the Banjara, the Mirasi, and the Jodi.

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Music-and-Dance-01 — Image – Jon Gudorf Photography Via Flickr

Most of the folk songs, usually in the form of ballads, pertain to special occasions like weddings and birth ceremonies. They narrate tales of valor and love, which are passed on from one generation to another. The dance forms also vary according to the locations. In ancient times, they were mainly performed to entertain the King. Ghoomar, Chang, Tejali, Bhopa, and Kathipudi are historical forms of Rajasthan dance. Some of the traditional instruments that mark the Rajasthani culture are Sarangi, Kamayach, Shehnai, and Dhol.

Rajasthani Cuisine

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Food — Image – Wikimedia

The variant spices and sweet delights of Rajasthani cuisine lure tourists to try out the delicacies. The popular Dal Bati dish consists of pulse, wheat flour, and yogurt, all dipped in ghee. The spicy Pyaaz Kachori and the sweet Mawa Kachori are available all across Rajasthan food stalls. Among the sweet dishes, Ghewar and Gheriya originated in Mewar and are offered in most eateries of Rajasthan. Although most of the population is vegetarian, Lal Maas and Mohan Maas are two of the scruptiptipus meat preparations of Rajasthan culture. Drinks like Jaljira and Masala Chach are refreshing and unique. Mirchi Vada, Kalakand, Gatte, Malpua, and Kadhi are some other notable cuisines that entice food lovers.

Architecture of Rajasthan

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Architecture — Ranakpur Temple – Andrew Miller via Flickr

The buildings, forts, and other structures in Rajasthan exhibit an imbibement of Islamic, Hindu, colonial as well as post-colonial architecture. Some of the exemplary sites that put on display the brilliance of Rajasthan architecture include the Ranakpur Jain temple, built back in the 15th century. It is built in the Maru-Gurjara style of architecture that incorporates various shapes and structures, on the domes, upon pillars, and on the ceilings.

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Architecture-Umaid-Bhawan — Umaid Bhavan Palace – BOMBMAN via Flickr

The Umaid Bhawan Palace, built by Maharaja Jai Singh II and located in Jodhpur, is constructed in Beaux-Arts style, bringing together Western and Indian styles. The historical Jaisalmer Fort and Golden Fort were both built by Rajput king Rawal Jaisal, in 1156 AD. Regarded as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the fort contains several gates, Jain temples, and Havelis. The city of Jaipur lives up to its iconic title with its flourish of pink-colored buildings.

Religion in Rajasthan

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Religion — Image – Ninara via Flickr

The primary religions of Rajasthan are Hindus, Muslims, and Jains. The state abounds with numerous reputed pilgrimage sites, like the Lodrakar Jain Temple, the Ranakpur Jain Temple, and the Jagdish Temple.

Arts and Crafts of Rajasthan

The artisans of Rajasthan offer a wide collection of carpets, ethnic garments, jewelry, and ornaments. Camel leather is the most commonly used item to make shoes, bags, and journals. The carpets are woven in Persian hand-knitting style, designed with geometric patterns and shapes. Showpieces and toys made of terracotta and clay are decorative pieces and a gleeful sight, particularly for children. The Safah or the Pagadi is a craft of heritage. Numerous shops offer antique pieces from the times of kings and nobles.

Languages in Rajasthan

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Language — Image – McKay Savage via Flickr

Marwari is the most widespread dialect of Rajasthan, other than Malvi, Mewati, Jaipuri, or Dhundhari. Since a major part of the economy is based on tourism, the natives have learned Hindi as well as English to be able to communicate better with the tourists.

Festivals of Rajasthan

Rajasthan organizes a variety of festivals that brings together the people in joyous harmony. The iconic camel fairs take place every year in regions like Bikaner, Pushkar, and many others. Dedicated to the camels and their owners, there are several events organized that go on for a couple of days, especially competitions like camel races and camel dance.

The Rajasthan International Folk Festival draws in visitors from all across the country as well as from beyond borders. Artists showcase their exquisite talents in this festival of Jodhpur.

The Udaipur Mewar Festival, the Teej Festival, the Summer and Winter festival at Mount Abu, and the Brajholi festival of Bharatpur with its famous Raasleela dance are some other popular festivals of Rajasthan.

Customs of Rajasthan

Culture-of-Rajasthan-Customs — Image – Jean-Claude MORAND via Flickr

An ancient custom that the people practice is known as the ‘Samskaras’. These refer to a total of 16 different important points in a person’s life which are celebrated as occasions. The chain of Samskaras starts with Garbandhan, marking the point of the child’s conception, and ends in Antyeshti, which are the rites performed after death.

The people of Rajasthan believe in and practice the notion of ‘Atithi Devo Bhava, wherein they treat a guest as equal to God. The famous welcoming folk song of ‘Padharo Mhare Desh’ exhibits the kind of spirit the people have when it comes to tourists and visitors upon their land.

Rajasthan is a state that attracts hundreds of tourists throughout the year. The depth of its folk culture and practices bear historical dignity. It is one of the most enriching and ornate states of India.

History and Development of Indian Literature

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Caleidoscope

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March 20, 2021

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History-and-Development-of-Indian-Literature — Manuscript from the Bhagawad Gita composed in Sanskrit ca 400 BC – Wikimedia

Without a doubt, the Indian literary tradition is one of the oldest in the world. It comprises 22 officially recognized tribal and foreign languages like Persian, French, Portuguese and English. While a significant amount of the Indian literature is written, a lot more is propagated orally in regional languages, all of which have received an enormous reception worldwide.

The first ancient Indian literature was Sanskrit literature which comprised Rig Veda, Mahabharata, and Kannada, all of which were written in the first millennium BCE. They were then followed by Marathi, Urdu and into the modern times, with Rabindra Nath Tagore, a bengali writer who went on to become the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize for his literary work.

A Brief History of Indian Literature

During the anti-colonial period, the Indians began gauging themselves with the rest of the world in education. To keep pace with the world’s developed literature, the Indian linguist created genres unknown to the past. Genres like fiction, essay, lyrical poetry, theatre, criticism and literary history started to be all been shaped according to Indian demands and public reception.

The essence of the writings suffered a sea-change, apart from revolution in forms. The increasing pace of industrialization and urbanization exposed literary imagination to the experience of the city. The impact of science and rationality encouraged authors to criticise institutions and practises that did not otherwise face logical scrutiny. The other worldly concerns of pre-modern literature gave way to a growing curiosity for the current reality around them. In addition to bringing the ancient gods, Indian creativities established new gods. Men in society and nature were the foremost of these.

Literature education has been made easy as students can use the best academic services available online when doing college assignments like writing work, essay writing, and other services. Students often use Edubirdie when they face complex essays and research topics. This is especially true when they come from a different background but have to write in another.

Tagore: The Arch-Writer

Rabindranath-Tagore — Image – oldindianphotos.in

Tagore is a perfect representation of traditional and modern Indian writers. Although he was deeply interested in Indian traditions, he cannot be said to be a traditionalist. He was not a blind modernist, even though he was attracted by West and the rest of the world. In plays like Bisorjon, he dramatized his dissatisfaction with the outmoded conventions. He also criticised the blind pursuit of modernity in Muktadhara without regard to humans and nature.

The same can be said about some of his fiction works and poetry; they created matchless idioms, communion, solitude and hope. In one line, Tagore calls upon the nation to let love be the light of the world.

Being the most significant Indian literature figure in the 20th century, most of his writings typifies many other outstanding contemporary writings in different native languages like Kuvempu, Subrahmanya, Kannada Prasad Hindi.

After Independence, this attitude of millennial hope changed. The self-axis and the world axis never converge in fantasy as it does in reality. Although the fruits of the liberation from the yoke of foreign authority fell into Indians’ hands, with the new dawn there was violence. The killing of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, the division of the subcontinent into India, and Pakistan, led to massacres that took heavy toll of life and property during the Hindu/Muslim revolt. Urdu poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz said, ‘This is a false dawn. Caravan, move on,’

There were two reactions to this disillusionment: one was the sorrowful hope that the world would be reconstructed; another was to undertake a clinical diagnosis of the disease. The first led to the progressive writing movement, an ideology that puts an end to inequity and exploitation; while the second led to introspective modernism. Novels such as Tamas (Hindi) by Bhisham Sahani and Alai Osai (Tamil) by Kalki made a healthy diagnosis of communal hysteria and called upon the depths of humanism. Nabanna, Bijon Bhattacharya’s tragic Bengal classic, spoke about universal hunger in Bengal during the fake famine.

The introverted withdrawal from each other’s space was visible in works of writers like the Bengali poet Jibanandadas or the Gujarati poet Raoji Patel: ‘When did I become an alien, tell me, in your house?’ Sometimes, in works of great writers like the Hindi poet Muktibodh the twin impulses to optimism and despair combined.

The works of the progressive group were directed towards Soviet socialist realism while the introverts were affected by modernism in the West. The shifting literary forms mirrored this. In modernist experimentation, Fiction bid farewell to linear narrative, poetry to metre and drama. In the 1960s and 1970, the French academy of existentialist philosophy found great favour. For example Ashadh Ka Ek Din by Mohan Rakesh (Hindi) and Yayati by Khandekar (Marathi), the alienation of the author from his self and from the world was dramatised.

In the literature created in India following the mid-70s, the anguish and boredom of the modernists and the futural comforts of the progressives were examined critically. This period saw the growth of formerly disadvantaged, non-literate parts of marginalised India, not simply just the proclamation of emergency; dalits, tribals and women, which began to understand the self and the world in different light than their predecessors.

Dalit writers

Dalit authors first began dismantelling the complete edifice of Indian ideals in Maharashtra and later in other regions, with the teachings of the first large modern Dalit leader, Ambedkar. They have not only punished in the heart of their burning poems the foundations of Caste Society like the Marathi poet, Namdev Dhasal, but also challenged the same society to rebirth. The autobiographic form was restored in a fresh way by Dalit sensibility in several languages. Even the straightforward story of their lives was a severe shock to the respectable society.

The best Dalit authors introduced not only a new substance but also a revolutionary new language, which drew pictures and metaphors of the non Dalit world unknown to people in life. They produced great heroes from the ordinary men and women of Dalit. Sakavva, the protagonist of Devanuru Mahadeva’s Kannada Dalit novel, has the claim of being scared of Yama’s Death, for she cannot conceive of greater pain than she has previously experienced.

Development-of-Indian-Literature — Image Courtesy – Indian Express

Since the beginning of the first millennium, there have always been excellent female writers in India, among whom some excel their male counterparts in creative talent. The women who debuted in the 70s, however, reveals a new kind of relationship with the world. They refused to look at the world from male bifocals and started to honour their ideas of women. Senior writers such as Mahashweta Devi (Bengali) and Sugathakumari (Malayalam) had blazed the way in their books.

The emergence and growth of feminist movements had given women the defiant idiom of a writer, based on the rejection of male idiom, as in the mighty expressions of the first Dalit English woman poet, Meena Kandasami.

Tribal and other marginalised authors, like Dalits and women, are adding to contemporary Indian literature.

Development of Indian English Literature

India’s development in English Literature gained momentum as British imperialism became more consolidated in India. The first definitive Indian work in English has a diversity of opinions, however critics agree that Indian literature in English goes back to at least the early 19th century. Three sources give their impetus to its origins – educational reforms by the British Government, missionary activities, and the reception by the upper-class Indians of English and literature.

English literature was developed in India because of the mixture of the social codes between British and Indians. The mindset of the people and a wider acceptance in the country of the English language led many writers to use English as a medium of education and expression, which led to the steady development of English literature.

The work of writers continues to be valued by award-winning institutions like Jnanpeeth and Saraswati Samman, centre academies and states, as well as by large sections of readers. The creative expression of literature in India is now ready for another significant change, as e-books come, internet space is being opened and new techniques of electronic reproduction are being introduced.

The Impact of Western Education

One cannot doubt the significance of western education on the growth and development of Indian literature. When the Indians embraced western education, literature writers had no choice but to develop literature pieces that were in line with western education.

Today, things have become even better as new Indian literature students have better facilities at their disposal. Modern tools like citation generators, digital resources for references etc have proven to be of great benefit.

Conclusion

The reception of foreign languages in India, especially the English language, brought many radical changes, yet history still views mixed feelings. Thus, the rise of Indian literature can be attributed to the intermingling of social codes between the colony and colonialist Indians and British. The British changed the mindset of the Indian literature writers and prompted many writers to improve their writings and embrace English as a medium of literature development.

Author Bio:

Julius Sim is a well-known figure in the corporate sector and he’s currently working as the Head of Support Team at Edubirdie. His new-age management techniques and strong educational background have helped his team stand out in the customer service sphere. He’s a training expert as well and holds sessions for young students every weekend.

Mistakes To Avoid While Planning For Your Child Education Plan

By

Cscope Staff

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March 17, 2021

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Child-Education-Plan Apart from ensuring that your child is well taken care of while a toddler, it is also your responsibility as a parent to save for your child’s future. With every passing day, education is becoming more expensive than ever, which makes choosing a child education plan one of the most important aspects of financial planning for every parent. Be it a child insurance plan or a child education plan, identifying the appropriate investment avenues is important. However, some parents are either negligent towards the importance of saving while some are simply unaware of its benefits. Here are a few mistakes to avoid while planning for your child education plan.

Do not start late

The idea behind a child education plan and a child insurance plan is to amass a sufficient amount of money with the help of small monthly contributions. This makes it a long-term financial goal. It is wise to start saving right after the birth of your child. It will give you roughly two decades to ensure that the funds you saved are enough to guarantee quality education for your child.

Don’t underestimate the cost of education

It shouldn’t come as a surprise when we tell you that education these days is far more expensive than it was a couple of decades ago. Also, the cost of education in our country may drastically differ from the education expenses abroad. Irrespective of what your child may want to do when he or she grows up, it is your responsibility to be prepared to help them accomplish their dreams and choose a suitable plan.

Choosing the wrong investment options

There are multiple ways in which you can fund your child’s education, be it mutual funds, fixed deposits, a specialized child education plan, or even ULIP insurance. However, you need to choose an option that generates adequate returns that match your goal. A specialized child insurance plan is one of the most attractive investment options.

Don’t compromise on your personal finances

We understand that as parents you want what is best for your child, but life is all about prioritizing. Saving money for your child’s education does not mean you need to repay a hefty amount for the rest of your life or be financially dependent on your children forever. You need to secure your financial independence before saving for your children’s education.

We hope you will avoid these mistakes whenever it is time for you to start thinking about a child education plan in the future.

Women in Indian Politics – On the Right Path, But Not Just About Yet There!

By

Tasneem Sariya

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March 15, 2021

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Women-in-Indian-Politics

When one talks about women in politics in India, one is often reminded of the pending 2008 bill. The women reservation bill that asks for 33% reservation for women in Parliament might still be stuck in debate and political tact. However, its very limbo makes it a case for discussing women in the politics of India. In fact, perhaps, on Women’s Day this year, we can take a look at the role of women in political circles across the world to see how much of an impact and influence do women have on governance and governments.

Women in Politics – A global view

Again when one thinks of women in politics globally a few names that stand out include, Jacinda Arden, Angela Merkel and Sanna Marin. Women constitute of less than a quarter of members of parliament across the world. Various countries have adopted affirmative measures to consciously increase the participation and membership of women in parliaments and governments. For example, countries such as Philippines, Bangladesh and Pakistan legislated reservation for women in their respective parliaments. However, the results of the reservation did not necessarily imply women empowerment in each case. In certain cases, the lack of women candidates in the first place made the reservation policy partially meaningless.

In many other countries, such as Argentina, France and Nepal the legislation was to have a quota of women representatives in the candidate lists of parties. In other countries, such as Sweden, Germany and South Africa though there is no official legislation of quotas, the number of women both in national parties and the national assembly are quite high.

In India, the women representatives in the parliament have been increasing over the years. The last central elections in 2019 saw 14.3% women representation in the parliament. This is quite low when compared to other countries, such as US at 32% and Bangladesh at 21%.

So what is it about women in politics in India that a low number of female electives make it to the most important executive and legislative body of the country? Is it social and cultural significance or is the story more about opportunities and economic disparities?

History of Women in Politics

In India, women have always been an integral part of politics and political outcomes. Even when one looks at kingdoms historically, there are gallant stories of politically acclaimed and strategic thinking women and queens who headed kingdoms into glory. Whether it was the Rani of Jhansi, Rani Avanti Bai or Begum Hazrat Mahal, these queens were not mere arm pieces.

During the independence struggle a number of women have left a mark in the annals of history. Whether it was Sarojini Naidu, Annie Beasant, Aruna Asaf Ali, Tara Rani, Lakshmi Sahgal the list can go on for sure. Similarly, women were an important part of the constituent assembly and played a major role in drafting the Constitution of India. 15 women were a part of the Constituent Assembly, some of them included Ammu Swaminathan, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Durgabai Deshmukh, Dakshayani Velayudhan, Kamala Chaudhary, Leela Roy etc.

Over the years, the women in politics have etched a distinct mark for themselves. India has had a woman Prime Minister, a woman President and many women chief ministers too over the years. A lot of ministries and posts are and have been held by women. There are big names that crop up when one thinks of women politicians in India. These women are real, powerful with astounding political will and acumen. They are not puppets or scapegoats covering or speaking up for the men. And hence, women in Indian politics have almost always been real game changers and at equal par with the men in all aspects. They have led parties, foreign ministries and also headed the finances, making it clear that no role is based on gender bias or stereotypes.

Nirmala Sitharaman is our finance minister, Sonia Gandhi, Sushma Swaraj, Mamata Banerjee, Mayawati, Sheila Dixit, Jayalalitha, Vasundhara Raje and many more women in the political field have proved that they are as competitive and a force to reckon as the men. More recently, the new age women politicians are making their foray into the political field with as much grit and passion as in other profession. Be it Mahua Moitra, Surpriya Sule, Kavita Krishnan, Nusrat Jahan, Atishi Marlena, Mimi Chakroborty, Agatha Sangma the list here too is long. But the question is, is it long enough?

Women at Grass Root Levels

The story of women at the panchayat level is however a story of hope. Contrary to perception the women elected at the gram panchayats are not puppets or dummies serving their patriarchal families or husbands. The 73rd amendment gave a 33% reservation to women in the panchayat for certain seats and positions. There has been discernable improvement in administration, where the elected women have been more open, honest and approachable. There are many examples of how women representatives at the panchayat level have stood up for ethical and honest change, such as Uma Maiti who was against corruption in Kanthipad village in West Bengal (downtoearth.org.in). Elected women are also helping to get better sanitation, education and solving water problems of their panchayats. Saroj Rana the women pradhan in Siyoni block in Uttarakashi has constructed a school and road for her panchayat, similarly Kantibai Dhurve in Savalkheda MP was elected president of her gram panchayat even whilst she was opposed by seven men. Women at the panchayat level making in roads that genuinely direct towards good governance is a fantastic cause to celebrate. Of course, there is a long way to go, but the fact that the foundations for women to be taken seriously at the grass roots are building only stronger, imply that there is a huge chance at substantial change.

Women and Voting Patterns

India was one of the first countries to give universal suffrage and voting rights for all women of the country after Independence. Women have always been given equal voting rights, however, their turnout historically has been lower than men. But over the years this gap has narrowed considerably, where in the elections of 2014 the male voter turnout was 67.09%, whereas, the female voter turnout stood at 65.30%. With only a gap of 1.79% this margin was further narrowed during the 2019 elections. In fact, in some states such as Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu and more the women voter turnout was larger than the men voter turnout during the 2014 general election. Another considerable change is seen in the social and overall emancipation of the women. The new women voters are more educated than their previous generation of women. These women are far more aware and independent to make their own choices. As per a survey (source) 3 out of 5 women said that they would vote for a candidate of their choice, without any influence of their family.

The involvement of women in the grass root level has also led to a cadre of politically aware women who understand the principles of governance and exercise their voting power without bias or influence.

Finally, though the percentage of women in elected offices remains less when compared to many other countries of the world, the holistic empowerment of women in various statures is definitely helping the cause. Women are no longer seen as a shadow of men and their capabilities as leaders is paving way for better understanding of issues and implementation of ideas. With education playing a huge role, more women are breaking into various government jobs, including administrative services, defense, planning commissions etc.

Can more women leaders bring about a considerable change in global and world policies? Perhaps, the governance of a Jacinda Arden or Angela Merkel are indicators to go by, that women are leading nations with far more clarity and acumen than men in those same positions across the world. There is Kamala Harris now paving the way for more political consciousness for women across other disparities and discriminations. Yet, women at various strata of society have slowly and steadily been moving forward in the political halls of governance, legislatures and planning.

More women participation across all political aspects is one of the most basic ways to ensure equal opportunity and representation. Let’s hope that with bright beginnings so far, the journey ahead will be fruitful and inclusive.

Image Sources

https://www.idiva.com
https://commons.wikimedia.org
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smriti
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mamata_Banerjee
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sonia_Gandhi

Traditional Martial Arts of India that are Deep Rooted in the Culture of India

By

Tasneem Sariya

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March 1, 2021

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Martial Arts of India are a deeply respected art form. Unlike the general perception that martial arts are all about combat and fights, there is a much deeper understanding that goes into it. Mastered with dedication, courage and ‘inner peace’, as famously said by Po in Kung Fu Panda, martial arts define a person’s discipline and balance more than their strength. Martial art forms India are no different. And though the Chinese and Japanese martial arts are well-known throughout the world, Indian martial arts are slowly becoming popular, though they still have a long way to go.

Here is taking a look at some of the traditional martial art of India. Each of these is not only a holistic art form on its own, but also, is reflective of practices of its place of origin. In other words, these martial arts are rooted in the culture of the land from where they come. Each of these forms also has a spiritual connection, where physical exercising and combat is closely related to mental stability. Prayers and divinity are an integral part of martial arts training and performances. Another interesting aspect of most of these martial art forms is the preparation that goes into it before the start of a fight or performance, such as oil massages in some forms, and respective attire and weapons (if required). Finally, there is a subtle integration of the Indian dance forms with the martial arts, each crossing into the territory of the other with ease and magnificence.

1. Kalaripayattu

Martial-Arts-of-India-Kalaripayattu — Image Source

One of the oldest forms of martial arts, Kalaripayattu finds its origins in Kerala. It can be performed with bare hands or using swords. Believed to have been introduced by Parasurama this art form includes strikes and kicks. Footwork is the most important aspect of Kalaripayattu, where Kalari means a training hall or school and ‘payattu’ translates to practice.

2. Gatka

Martial-Arts-of-India-Gatka — Image Source

Originating from Punjab this martial art is believed to have introduced by the Sikh warriors. Its earlier version, called Shastar Vidya, was banned by the British after the Anglo-Sikh wars. However, Gatka remains in the spirit and moves very much like the original art form, though its weapons have changed over time. Gatka is performed, using sticks, kirpan, swords and kataar. It is performed on different festivals and in fairs.

3. Silambam

Martial-Arts-of-India-Silambam — Image Source

From Tamil Nadu, Silambam uses animal movements as a form of attack and defence. It is becoming an increasingly popular art form, especially with women who want to learn the different self-defence moves to protect themselves. A long stick or staff is used for mock fights or practice. Silambam is also one of the oldest martial art forms that use footwork and attack the body at different levels such as a snake, hawk, tiger, or monkey would. There is a use of force and smart strategies.

4. Mardaani Khel

Martial-Arts-of-India-Mardaani-Khel — Image Source

Originating from Maharashtra, this is a weapon-based art form. Mardaani Khel saw its emergence and growth during the Maratha Empire. After the 1857 Revolt, the British banned martial art, and it was kept alive in the form of a folk game. However, today its moves and weapons are less dangerous and lethal. The weapons used included bamboo sticks, daggers, javelin, darts, and swords.

5. Thang-Ta and Sarit Sarak

Martial-Arts-of-India-Thang-Ta — Image Source

This martial art form is from Manipur where ‘thang’ means a sword, and ‘ta’ means the spear. Sarit Sarak, on the other hand, is the unarmed art form. Thang-Ta is also called Huyen Lallong and is practised using other weapons, such as axes and shields. The sword, however, remains Thang Ta’s most revered possession with numerous moves that teach the trainee various techniques and drills.

6. Thoda

From Himachal Pradesh, this art form uses bows and arrows. Thoda means a wooden piece attached to the head of an arrow. This martial art is also performed as a cultural and sporting activity. Closely related to the legends of Mahabharata the Thoda game is played with two teams with 500 players in each. Not all are archers but are also dancers that help boost the morale of the team.

7. Lathi Khel

Finding its roots in Punjab and Bengal, the Lathi Khel is a form of martial arts that uses the oldest weaponry, the ‘lathi’ or stick for combat. The stick can be used and wielded in different ways to make the blow lethal or light. The Indian Police uses the Lathi to date as a potent weapon.

8. Pari-Khandaa

This martial art form, from Bihar, was created by the Rajputs. Pari means the shield and khanda means sword. The moves, technique, and steps, are also used in the famous Chhau dance of Bihar.

9. Musti Yuddha

Martial-Arts-of-India-Musti-Yuddha — Image Source

This unarmed martial art finds its origins in Varanasi. Punches, kicks and strikes are the arts fiercest weapons, and though this art form is not so popular today, it was at its peak during the Middle Ages.

10. Kuttu Varisai

Martial-Arts-of-India-Kuttu-Varisai-01 — Image Source

Again an unarmed art form, Kuttu Varisai concentrates on grappling and locking techniques. Popular in South India this art form uses many steps from yoga and gymnastics.

11. Sqay

Practised in Kashmir, Sqay uses armed as well as unarmed combat moves. The sword or Tora, is paired with the shield or Bargula. Competitions require a blue uniform and a belt on the waist, along with standard approved size of swords.

12. Kushti

Martial-Arts-of-India-Kushti — Image – Michal Svec via Flickr

Traditional wrestling or Kushti is perhaps the most popular and ubiquitous martial art form. Popularized by movies, Kushti began during the Mughal Era where the local sport called, Malla Yuddha, was combined with the Persian equivalent Varzesh-e-Bastani.

India is the land of many martial art forms that need to be encouraged and learned by future generations. With karate, taekwondo, and Kung Fu courses available in schools and other training institutions, it is time that the Indian martial arts also find a rightful place. The first step is being aware of their existence. Several martial artists practice these Indian martial art forms. It is also time to give them recognition and learn from them before it is too late.

Festivals of Nagaland to Experience the Best of North East Culture

By

Cscope Staff

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February 25, 2021

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Festivals-of-Nagaland — Image – Supriya Sehgal via Flickr

Nagaland, situated in the North-Eastern part of India, Nagaland shares its borders with the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur. Also known as The Land of Festivals in India, Nagaland is quite famous for the variety of vibrant and unique festivals that take place throughout the year. The state is home to more than 16 tribes, each of whom adds to the diversity and cultural heritage of the state. This exuberant diversity of the state can be observed through the different festivals prevalent in the state. Today, let’s take a journey through the numerous and diverse festivals that are part of Nagaland.

Hornbill festival

The Hornbill festival is the most popular festival that takes place in Nagaland. It is the biggest festival of the state and takes place in the Kisama village during December. The Government of Nagaland organizes the festival to popularize the culture and traditions of the land among the visiting tourists. The festival hosts rock concerts and exciting dance performances, along with delicious food fairs. Every tribal community of the state takes part in this festival. Traditional art and crafts, folk songs, games, and traditional archery are some of the other popular events of this festival.

Sekrenyi

Sekrenyi festival is a ten day long festival that seeks to promote harmony among the members of the Angami tribe. Each day of the festival is quite significant and marks an important event of the festival. The primary purpose of the festival is to promote amity and harmony among the members of the tribe. The festival is also considered a purification festival and is believed to purify the people from all the past sins. The festival features a number of rituals and customs which are followed by the members of the tribe. The festival takes place from 25th February to 5th March, in the Kohima district of the state.

Tsukheneyie

Tsukheneyie is a unique harvest festival that takes place in the Phek district of Nagaland. Celebrated by the Chakhesang Tribe in March, the festival is known for its festivity and vibrancy. It marks the end of the harvest year and hence sets the mood for celebration and joy. The festival provides a means for us to witness and appreciate the varied culture and heritage of the Chakhesang tribal community in the state. The festival spans about five days, and celebrates unity. The festival is quite vibrant and will undoubtedly be a unique experience for anyone who visits it.

Aoleang

Aoleang festival is celebrated by the Konyak tribe of Nagaland. The festival usually takes place in the first week of April. The festival is celebrated after the seeds are sown in the fields. It also marks the end of the year and welcomes the New Year. The festival is a faithful representation of the rich culture and traditions followed by the Konyak tribe of Nagaland.

Mim Kut

The Mim Kut festival is celebrated during the second week of January by the Kuki tribe of Nagaland. Mim Kut is a harvest festival and is celebrated after the successful harvest of the season’s final crop. The festival sets a mood for rejoicing and is hence accompanied by dance performances and enthralling music. Apart from this, the different games, fairs and concerts which are a part of the festival also help to enliven the spirit

Busu Dima

Busu Dima is an exuberant festival which is celebrated by the Dimasa tribe residing in Nagaland. The festival is observed to mark the completion of the January harvest. During the festival, members of the tribe wear traditional attires and spend the night dancing and singing in a cheerful mood. The last day of the festival is considered to be quite important, and during this day, the members of the tribe spread joy as a well earned reward after the hard toiling days at the fields.

Moatsu Festival

Commonly known as Moatsu, the Ao tribe celebrate this festival, and like many other festivals of Nagaland, are related to agriculture. This festival is celebrated when the fields are cleaned, and new seeds are sown. The festival usually takes place during the month of May. The Moatsu festival is considered to be a time of rejoicing and hope for the Ao people. During the festival, members of the tribe light a fire, called Sangpangtu. All the members of the tribe gather around the fire, dressed in their traditional outfits. They also express gratitude to the forest and hope for a better harvest next year. The festival also includes traditional dances, songs and a tug of war among the male and female members of the group.

Tuluni

Tuluni is an important festival for the Sumi tribe of Nagaland. The festival brings with it a festive and joyous ambiance. It is a celebration of the culture and traditions of the Sumi tribe. During the festival, people offer prayers and offerings to the deity of fruitfulness, Litsaba. It also includes other activities such as traditional dances and folk songs.

Tokhu Emong

Tokhu Emong is a post harvest festival celebrated by the Lotha Tribe during the month of November in Nagaland. This festival is celebrated by the members of the tribe by singing, dancing, and having an exquisite, delicious meal. The day of the festival is celebrated as a day of relaxation after the hard toiling days in the field. The festival brings with it a jovial and festive mood and is quite vibrant in its celebrations.

Naknyulem

The Naknyulum is an important and quite popular festival celebrated in July by the Chang Naga tribe in Nagaland. The festival is said to have had its roots in the history of Nagaland. The festival takes place by the end of July, precisely from 29th July to 31st July. The festival celebrates goodness and advocates the inevitable victory of good over evil. The first day of the festival is known as Wenshi, the second day is known as Youchem, and comprises many games and activities that build a joyful ambiance. The third day is known as Nakseng, and during this day, men beat drums from dawn to sunrise, which symbolizes their victory over darkness.

Nagaland is aptly known as the Land of festivals in India. The festivals celebrated in the state are unlike any other. The customs and traditions practiced by each tribe is carefully incorporated in their festivals, which make them incredible and extraordinary. The varied diversity and heritage of the state is well evident in the vibrant and marvelous festivals of Nagaland.

Urdu Language: The Origin, Histories and Integration in Indian Culture

By

Tasneem Sariya

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February 22, 2021

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‘Ae gham-e-zindagi na ho naraz,
Mujh ko aadat hai muskurane ki’
(Abdul Hameed Adam)

There is depth and rhythm in these couplets, as is in most Urdu Shayari. The language aids expression in its purest form, allowing for the emotion to sink within one’s soul. And though Urdu language is a widely spoken language in the country and outside, its most recognizable form is through poetry.

One of the most wonderful things about languages in India is their forms of expressions. Every language has a rich history and heritage. This is in terms of both grammar and abundant literature. And hence, languages stop becoming mere dialogues or conversations. Instead, they become a means for the formation of thoughts and ideas. Urdu is one such language that not only has sweetness in discussion or greetings, but also style and grace.

Languages in India

Before we begin it is important to note that different regions of India have their own regional languages. Languages in India play a very integral role because unlike many other nations, there is no single language that works everywhere. Each language has its own special attachment and rootedness that exudes the local characteristics and culture of the region. Many languages in the country are derived from Sanskrit, such as Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Punjabi etc. Urdu, however, has a common or similar Indo-Aryan vocabulary, the syntax to Hindi. But it derives its script from Persian. The script for Urdu is a kind of writing that runs from right to left as opposed to many other languages, including Hindi. Urdu, also like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani, a language that was adopted by Northern India and Pakistan.

Origin of Urdu Language

A few linguists date back its origin to as early as the 6th century. It could have found its way through the conquest of Sindh in 711. It further developed as Persian and Turkish invasions began in the 11th century. However, different experts have varying theories on the origin of Urdu. A few believe that it originated from Brij bhasha, which was a dialect spoken in Western India. Some believe that the language evolved from Hariani, which was spoken widely during the Delhi Sultanate rule. Hence, the earliest forms of Urdu were named as various other native languages, such as Khariboli or Old Hindi.

The mixing of both the Hindu and Muslim cultures, led to the Old Hindi acquiring many Persian words. Though from the 13th to 18th century the language continued to be called Hindi or Hindustani it was, in reality, coming together of the Hindi and Persian influences. Also known as Dehlavi, the language thus is believed by many experts to find its origins in the overlaps of local dialects and Persian influences in areas around Delhi.

History-of-Urdu — Amir Khusrau – inquiriesjournal.com

The Delhi Sultanate had made Persian as their official language, and this continued even during the Mughal Empire. Amir Khusrau in the 13th century was a famous scholar who wrote his renditions and poems in Hindavi. Though the language was the written and spoken language of the region, it was only at the end of Aurangzeb’s rule in the 18th century that it began to be called Zaban-e-Urdu. Before that, the language was known by its many names, including Hindi, Hindavi, Dehlavi, etc., and it was the language of all irrespective of them being Hindus or Muslims. It flourished in the elite and courtly surroundings retaining its core vocabulary from the Indo-Aryan language base akin to the local Khariboli but its writing or script was adopted in the Persian style of calligraphy.

Urdu or ‘ordu’ comes from the Turkish word meaning army or the ‘language of the camp’. The name Urdu is believed to have first been used by Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi in 1780.

Urdu in Southern India

A special mention of southern India is imperative here. In Southern India, especially in Golkonda and Bijapur, a language called Dakhini flourished. It had influences from Telugu and Marathi too. Beginnings of Dakhini can be traced back to the 15th century, and it was also a product of the Muslim rulers who ruled over the southern regions. The writings and the language were used by the Muslims and it was not as much influenced by local culture as was the case in northern India. Dakhini was best patronized by the Qutub Shahi dynasty. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah was a poet himself and many other rulers have writings and poems in Dakhini as well. However, the language declined after the conquest of Aurangzeb and was overtaken by Urdu.

Similarly, the other languages that can be called sister languages of Urdu and are structured on Persian influences, include Sindhi, Punjabi, Kashmiri etc.

Urdu in History

The Urdu language was promoted during colonial rule, where the British referred to it as Hindustani. The higher class both wrote and spoke in this language for administrative and official purposes. However, the Devanagari script was used by Hindus for religious texts and similarly the Persian Arabic text was used by Muslims for their own spiritual and literary texts. The Bhakti and Sufi movements also helped in the further development of the language. Each used the vocabulary of the other to pass on and explain their ideologies and spirituality to the common masses. The Sufi saints started using Hindavi influencing it with Persian words, whereas, the Bhakti saints used Sanskrit preferences to educate the locals.

In 1837, Urdu language became the co-official language of the subcontinent along with English. It was during the colonial period that stalwart Urdu poets such as Mirza Ghalib and Allama Iqbal created unforgettable verses. The British also started teaching Urdu to attract Muslim students in their governmental institutions. Meanwhile, the Arya Samaj protested against the use of the Perso-Arabic script and asked for the language to be written in the native Devanagari script. Slowly, the seamlessness with which the language existed earlier began to fade away. The divide became more pronounced between Hindus using the ‘Hindi’ with the Devanagari script and the Muslims identifying with ‘Urdu’ written in the Perso-Arabic script.

The culmination of difference reached its peak during Partition. Urdu became the official language of Pakistan and is an Eight Schedule Language in India.

The Essence of Overlap

Urdu in Indian Culture — Urdu on Taj walls – MK Photography via Flickr

The history and origins of any language will have complicated and lateral developments. It is difficult for any language to have a linear and time lined progression. Similarly, the evolution or origin of Urdu has multiple theories surrounding its existence and growth. However, being itself is an essence of what true integration of cultures might mean. Hindustani was the language whose grammar and syntax was ‘Hindi’ and whose script was ‘Urdu’. It was this language that was spoken, written and expounded by the great minds of its time, including Amir Khusrau. The Hindustani or Hindavi language is what later was referred to as Urdu, but it was laden heavily with vocabulary from both Sanskrit and Persian. Many linguists count both Hindi and Urdu as the same language because of their grammar and vocabulary similarities. Many others cite it as a socio-political reason for reading and counting them as two separate languages. Hence Urdu emerges perhaps as a wonderful amalgamation of cultures that decided to flourish by taking the best of each other. And in the course, creating a linguistic and literary treasure that finds keepers till date.

Urdu in India today

Urdu continues to be an integral part of the Indian culture and linguistics. It is widely spoken in many parts of the country. Some of the states where it is predominantly spoken include Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra.

In Uttar Pradesh, Urdu sprinkles in its very ‘tehzeeb’ and ‘tameez’. The language finds its true spirit and sizzles with delight. The various Urdu hotspots across India include, of course, Lucknow, Delhi, Meerut, Bareilly, Azamgarh, Aligarh, Allahabad, Agra, and so on. It is one of the most widely spoken and written languages. More than 100 million native speakers of Urdu are found in India and Pakistan. The language is also well-spoken in other countries, including in UAE, Britain, Canada, Saudi Arabia etc.

Various universities teach Urdu, and several literary magazines and publications of Urdu are widespread and accessible across the country. Renowned Urdu literary figures include Ismat Chughtai, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Ali Sardar Jafri, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Qurratulain Hyder. Besides, who can ever imagine the language sans Mirza Ghalib or Mir Taqi Mir.

Urdu is regarded as a beautiful language. Its sweetness makes it an often-used medium for literary and creative works. Shayari, poems, music, as well as Bollywood, has burrowed and used Urdu extensively to express their artistic desires.

Qawwali, gazal, and mushairas found their lyrical notes in Urdu. And hence one can say that Urdu has woven itself into India’s cultural history with grace and elegance. It is here to stay, and we would not want it any other way.

10 Books on Indian Art that Every Artist Must Read

By

Jebeen Thahir

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February 16, 2021

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The legacy of art dates back to the origin of Man. It is believed to have begun with the early cavemen who communicated with each other using symbols drawn on the cave walls. At first, the painting depicted nothing but their day to day routine of hunting and consuming food. Later on, these paintings on the cave walls took on a different colouring, and they started to depict widely different things. It became a means for them to find answers to questions that they couldn’t find answers for. Through the painting on the cave walls, they spoke to each other, about their needs and themselves. Over time, art transformed from a mere means of communication to a mesmerizing and valuable component of our daily life. Books on Indian Art portray these gems in an enlightening way.

Suggested Read – Top Indian Artists That Every Indian Should Know

Through the years, India has been home to several different types of paintings that emerged from different parts of the country. These include the Miniature Painting, Kalamkari, Warli Paintings, Madhubani Paintings, among others. Modern Art also influenced India, with many artists adopting the modern style but with a touch of the Indian culture. It is noteworthy that a school of painting named “Bengal school of Art” emerged in India as a reaction to the western style of painting and advocated a more native and Indigenous method of Art. India has also been the proud abode of several worldwide acclaimed artists, including Raja Ravi Varma, M F Husain, S H Raza, and Jamini Roy.

Here is a list of books on Indian art that every artist must read!

1. Indian Art by Partha Mitter

The book mainly deals with the history of Art from about 5000 years ago. Indian Art explores the evolution of Indian Art and its many influences, which contributed to its transformation as a powerful medium of representation. This is one of the most revolutionary books on Indian Art.

2. Dictionary of Indian Art and Artists by Pratima Sheh

Dictionary of Indian Art and Artists deals with eminent artists and their masterpieces. The book is handy to Indian artists as it allows them to not only trace the evolution of Indian Art from the ancient times to the present day but also gives them pertinent information about all aspects of Art.

3. A Brush with Indian Art: From Cave to Contemporary Paintings by Mamta Nainy

A Brush with Indian Art takes a unique perspective in evaluating the history of Art. The book contains several illustrations that depict the diversity of Art through ages. From the paintings drawn on the Ajanta caves to miniature paintings of the Mughals to modern artists’ paintings. The book gives an in-depth look into the culture of Art that evolved in India through centuries by paying close attention to the various and diverse influences that shaped Art.

4. History of Fine Arts in India & the West by Edith Tömöry

The book is handy for students of fine arts as it tries to depict in simple words the whole essence of Indian Art. The book also accurately points out the recent trends in modern Art and would provide a useful and exciting read for anyone who wants to learn more about Indian Art.

5. Finding My Way by Venkat Raman Singh Shyam, S. Anand

Venkat Raman Singh Shyam is one of the most prominent artists in contemporary times. His paintings have won much appreciation and acclaim all over the country. The book Finding My Way depicts the journey of the author to reach his destination of Art. The book is the author’s autobiography and gives an accurate picture of the author’s perspective on Art.

6. The Artful Life of R Vijay by Annapurna Garimella

The book explores the life of Artist R Vijay and his collaboration with the American photographer Waswo. The collaboration between Vijay and Waswo gave rise to several unique miniature paintings that have won acclaim worldwide. The book also inspects the intermixing of western and Indian elements in the works of the artist.

7. The Making of a New ‘Indian’ Art: Artists, Aesthetics, and Nationalism in Bengal, c.1850-1920 by Tapati Guha-Thakurta

Bengal was perhaps the central hub of artists during the colonial period. The school of Art was established in Bengal in order to promote a more Indian style of modern art. The book by Tapati Guha-Thakurta tries to analyze the transformation which took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century art in Bengal.

8. Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania

Indian Art and Culture, written by Nitin Singhania, give an accurate and comprehensive depiction of India’s Art and Culture. The book describes in detail every point in the history of India’s art culture. It also lays particular emphasis on its history and evolution through ages. The book is also much sought after for academic purposes too.

9. Ebrahim Alkazi: Directing Art – The Making Of A Modern Indian Art World, Edited By Parul Dave Mukherji

Alkazi is undoubtedly one of the greatest artists of the contemporary times. The book includes a number of mesmerizing paintings that provides the reader a joyful ride through them. The book is an excellent read for anyone who wants to learn more about the artist and his work.

10. Forgotten Masters: Indian Painting for the East India Company by William Dalrymple

Authored by William Dalrymple, the book explores the grandeur and magnificence of the paintings of Indian artist’s reign of the East India Company in India. The book seeks to explore and unveil the forgotten artists who created paintings blending both Indian and Western characteristics in them. The book also provides an interesting read to anyone who desires to study the history of Indian art.

Today, art is a unifying factor in our diverse world. It has the power to hold together the varied and various cultures of different people around the world, and simplify them into universal emotions of human nature.
India is a country that is home to many skilled and talented artists throughout the centuries. From Raja Ravi Varma to the recent contemporary modern artists, India has always been the host of skilled artists who owned a mesmerizing and magnificent hold on art, and these books on Indian art depict nothing less than the magnificent glory of Indian artistry.

Mohini – A Painting Prodigy

By

Asit Bhagat

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February 15, 2021

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Mohini-Visual-Artist-01 — Mohini, immersed in the act

Sanguine eyes, grit in attitude, graceful demeanour and youthful exuberance characterize Mohini Dagwar, a tenacious girl in her mid-twenties. A computer science graduate, she enjoys the company of colours and loves to give expression to her creativity through acrylics. Passionately following her childhood interest, the girl has been literally painting inspiration on canvases.

Inside Mohini’s house, you get an impression of being in an art gallery as the house walls are all embellished with her acrylic paintings. Just when her sweet mother greets and welcomes you with a cup of tea, and you begin cherishing the girl’s prodigious talent, you are handed over a set of canvas paintings made by her. What follows is a feeling of sheer astonishment, as the excellent works leave you awe-inspired.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-05 — Courting Indian peafowls

Mohini’s works cover a range of areas, including nature depictions, portraits, abstract paintings to still life. “I keep switching between genres, styles and themes to keep my work dynamic,” notes the artist, as she enthusiastically talks about her interest. “You must paint according to your own lights, and for me this has been the thumb rule to coming up with good works,” she adds.

Glancing across, you observe that the canvases haven’t just been suffused with colours but have also been imbued with values, emotions and feelings.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-03 — A piebald portrait of Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, depicting the warrior king in his iconic royal gesture.

For instance, there are bee-eaters vigorously engaged in rearing chicks – there is a movement, and the birds’ eyes are full of caring emotions. Then there are courting Indian peafowls, perched on the bough alongside the lotus lake. The peacock train, having impressed the love, hangs down as an appealing mosaic. Hues govern the mood and expression, and bring the pictures to life.

When your eyes fall on portraits, you realize that the girl, indeed, has a knack for the genre. Interpreting lord Krishna’s portrait, you find that different shades of blue impart desired renderings to the physiognomic features that emanate absolute serenity. Eyes are drenched in music, as the slightly protruding lips engross themselves in creating tunes. The flute in buff is coiled by a silky lace that wavers by a zephyr. Gradually, these elements merge with the black backdrop and make the viewer visualize the non-present finger movements along the flute. And the gleaming peacock feather in motion, and golden and silver ornaments that adorn Kanha’s forehead don’t go overlooked.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-04 — Kanha, lost in the melodious tunes of the flute

As you keep browsing, you encounter paintings that are based on abstract notions. Though Mohini doesn’t claim of being intentional in her efforts for having produced abstract paintings, she has indeed created some superb works in the area.

At first, these paintings appear mundane and non-descript, but a close examination reveals the hidden meaning they convey; like the painting which portrays two butterflies, flying up amidst autumn flowers. Philosophically, the butterflies represent life surging ahead, progressing and achieving milestones one after another.

Mohini-Visual-Artist-06 — Water lilies housed in a transparent pot: A realistic three-dimensional acrylic representation over a two-dimensional plane of canvas. Brighter shades on the left and darker shades on the right give an idea about light exposure in real-life, as the texture of the wooden tabletop gets highlighted accordingly. There’s a reflection of the water on the right, well-adjusted in the boundaries.

Interestingly, Mohini hasn’t taken any formal training in canvas painting. “I have been naturally inclined to colours and shades since my school days and my interest has continued to mature with time.”

Mohini says that most of her best works are of recent origin, created during the last one year, as the stay-at-home period of the pandemic-compelled lockdown gave her an opportunity to spend quality time with brushes and colours.

The young girl believes that one must keep one’s nose to the grindstone until the highest perfection is achieved. “Precision is what defines an artist, and as a painter, I always strive to reach the zenith of excellence.”

“But the journey for me has just begun, and I know I want to experiment with and work more and more on diverse ideas,” says the zealous painter, with a smile.

Engaging unflaggingly, the artist keeps bringing innovation in her works by spending long dedicated hours, sinking her teeth into the art that radiates infinite optimism and indomitable spirit.

The Coconut Diaries: A Quintessential Part Of The Indian Culture

By

Cscope Staff

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February 12, 2021

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Coconut-culture — Image – Pepe Pont via Flickr

The tall swaying coconut trees are common, yet an enthralling sight in India. The coconut fruits bunched up together in a cluster give way to the flowering of the leaves, fluttering skywards and the solid bark in a singular manner makes its way down onto the earth, at the other end. The coconut tree stands as a reassuring, firm, and neat entity, as much as it has a calm and soothing effect on onlookers. They form some of the best scenic backgrounds of postcard splendor in India, whether it is along the backwaters of Kerala or on the outskirts of villages in West Bengal.

The aesthetics of the tree itself has made it a favorite amongst amateur and seasoned artists. I for one would always draw the coconut tree beside a house surrounded by mountains – a staple kid’s drawing exercise

Kalpavriksha

The coconut tree is also known as the Kalpavriksha because of the array of usages that the tree has. In fact, all parts of the tree are used in some way or the other, and a large range of products, including coir and oil, apart from the other edible items are availed from the tree. Needless to say, the actual fruit (technically called a drupe) is where the bulk of the magic lies. One can eat it raw, and the coconut water is a healthy drink, especially during the scorching summer heat. But the coconut is also widely used as an important ingredient for cooking purposes. Coconut milk and oil are essential parts of many South Indian dishes. Desiccated coconut is a wonderful add-on for various sweet dishes and many dishes of western India. Also, how can we forget our traditional coconut oil that has been the primary reason for our silky hair and soft skins?.

Coconut in Indian culture

With such a varied scope the coconut is not just essential in India, but also in many parts of the world, including South East Asia. But the importance of the coconut is not just limited to its pragmatic usages. In India, the coconut is a part of the cultural discourse as well. It is offered in prayers with many references of it as God’s fruit in the ancient Sanskrit texts. Considered as a sacred fruit the three marks on a coconut are often considered as the three eyes of the Hindu God Shiva. The coconut is an important part of many rituals, including weddings or house warming ceremonies. The coconut is also broken during various inauguration ceremonies or before construction of a new home, office, or vehicle.

The Green Coconut

Although the brown coconut is used more widely, the green and yellow coconuts are also equally popular, even though its product and cultural usages are discernibly lesser. But the sight of vendors on street sides standing with their carts laden with the coconuts is very familiar. The vendors expertly cut off the head of the coconut with their sharp sickles, swoop a straw through the freshly made hole, and hand over the coconut ready to quench the thirst of the tired and delighted bystander. The coconut water is sometimes sweet, sometimes bland, but is highly refreshing, and one of the best natural hydrating agents, that will leave you wanting more. If you are lucky, there is a layer of solid white coconut meat or malai lining the soft insides of the coconut. The vendor cuts the coconut open with dexterity and gouges out the solids with a spoon-like structure made from the outer shell of the coconut itself. This unique and absolutely natural way of devouring the delightful malai remains one of my most prized obsessions of Indian gastronomy, even to this day.

The coconut prevails an endearing part of our landscapes in its entirety. The tall trees are a part of our backyards, home, and travel journeys. The drupe is a part of our culture and diet. Its significance is felt not only by the men and women who are involved in its growth and nurturing or those for whom it becomes a means of livelihood. But others also feel it in different ways. Environment-friendly products, such as chairs, mats, and rugs are made from coconut husks. Various medicinal properties are derived from the drupe, roots, leaves, as well as, from the coconut water and milk. There are so many benefits that can work their way through the delectable coconut, and that turns it into this ideal entity, which is wholesome, thrifty, advantageous, and welcoming.