Kotpad Textile: A Tale of Natural Dyeing Art

By

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October 28, 2024

The richness of Indian textiles is reflected in the handloom products, which comprise the largest cottage industry of the country. Millions of looms are engaged in weaving cotton, silk, and other natural fibres across the country. The state of Odisha has one of the richest and oldest handloom traditions in India. The age old tribal weave “Kotpad” created by the Mirgan community of Kotpad village in the Koraput district of Odisha, has retained a distinct native identity.

Origin of Kotpad Weave

Now the textile industry is moving towards sustainability and eco-friendly technology, therefore Kotpad has occupied a prominent place in the handloom industry. Kotpad is a unique weaving tradition that is preserved by the Mirgan community. There is not much known about the origin of this weave, but it is passed down to several generations. Panika weavers (Mirgan) engaged in Kotpad weaving probably since the 3rd century. Kotpad weave stands out because of the reflection of ancient tradition, and a special bond with nature. Kotpad Textiles have been made in Koraput in Odisha and neighbouring Bastar in Chhattisgarh for many centuries. The Kotpad region is historically the home of tribes like Bhatra, Munia, Gond, Munda, oraon, Santhal, Kandha and Bonda, and earlier this textile was worn by these communities. Men wear it as a shoulder cloth or as a head cloth. Women use two pieces of generally 3.5 meters long and almost a meter wide each. They wrap one piece as a skirt, and another piece is draped around the body and tied on one side of the shoulder. “Kotpad” textile is one of the rarest of Indian weaves and received a GI tag in 2005.

Raw Materials Required for Dyeing

Yarn: Earlier, unprocessed thick, rough cotton locally known as “kachasuta” was used to weave the cloth. But now cotton and Tussar yarn in the form of rolls (locally called muda) are purchased from Jagdalpur, Rayagada, and Sambalpur. The cotton of 14s and 20s count is generally woven, hence the fabric is coarse and thick.
Aal (Morinda citrifolia /Indian mulberry/madder) Dye: Morinda citrifolia also known as Indian Mulberry, is a straight, tall tree with broad, elliptical, bright green leaves and white flowers, grown mainly in the forests of Kalahandi and Malkangiri forests of Odisha. Today, madder trees are cultivated. The roots of these trees’ are dug out, and the root bark is used for the natural dye. The thinner roots of the 3-4 year old plants give intense colour therefore, roots thicker than 1.3 cm are considered useless and discarded. The bark is separated from the roots, washed, and dried in the sun. Today the dried bark is taken to the mill to be ground to a fine powder and then stored in an earthen pot to use as the natural dye. The dyers purchase the dried root bark of Morinda citrifolia from the weekly markets or haat from the Muria, Parjas, and Gadvas tribes.
Ferrous sulphate (kumahar pathar): Ferrous Sulphate is required to dye the yarn in blackish/bluish red. This is known as kumahar pathar and locally available from the blacksmith. Kumahar pathar is crushed and pound into powder in a dhenki (wooden grinder operated by foot).

Castor oil: Castor oil is ricin oleic acid and used to make the yarn saturated and soft.
Cow Dung: Cow dung acts as a bleaching agent and is used when dyeing the cotton yarn.
Starch: Starch is made with water and flour. Starch is applied to the yarn before setting it on the pit loom. Starch helps to provide strength to the yarn and also protects the yarn from tangling and breaking.
Alkaline solution (Kharapani): It is a solution of water and wood ash or Niger seed husk (Ramtil/kalatil) or gingili/sesam stalk (safedtil).
Reetha and shikakai: once the weaving is completed, the fabric is washed with natural soap, reetha and shikakai to make the colour permanent and strong.

Process of Dyeing the Yarn

The most interesting part of this weave is that only the women, the wives of the weavers of the Panika Community, are involved in the dying process. Dyeing of the yarns is done normally during the winter season, and it required a minimum one month to dye the unbleached cotton. They dyed yarn for their own weavers in Kotpad and also for the weavers in the neighbouring state of Chhattisgarh. The dyeing process is manually intensive, tedious, time consuming, and lengthy. Aal dying process is spread over various stages, and the girls help their mother at a very young age. The peculiarity of dyeing with aal is that the yarn is going through the treatment of castor oil, cow dung, and alkaline water before dying because aal has no direct affinity for the yarn.

(i) Treatment with castor oil: normally one bundle of yarn is about 5 kilograms. First these hunks of yarn are thoroughly washed with cold water, and after squeezing excess water, they are spread on a chatai (wooden plank). These washed hanks of yarn were either dipped in a solution of castor oil and water or applied by hand to the yarn. Appling the solution by hand is more effective as it spreads the oil evenly. Then the yarn is rubbed with the palm and kneaded with feet for some time for better penetration of the castor oil. This process is repeated few times till the yarn becomes saturated and soft.

(ii) Treatment with cow dung: next step is to apply cow dung, which is used as a bleaching agent, and ensure that the dye is properly absorbed by the yarn and it becomes off-white in colour. The enzyme present in the cow dung helps castor oil to form soap and partial bleaching of the yarn. Fresh cow dung is mixed with water to make a thick paste and rubbed on the castor oil treated yarn. The extra solution is squeezed out and spread on bamboo rods for drying in the sunlight. This process is repeated for darker shades.

(iii) Treatment with alkaline solution: in an earthen pot, ash of brunt wood or Niger seed husk (ramtil/kalatil) or gingili/sesam stack is mixed with water and kept overnight to allow the ash to settle on the bottom of the container. The clear water from the top is transferred to another earthen pot and heated at a temperature of 50 0Cto 60 0C. The castor oil and cow dung coated dried yarn spread evenly on a chatai (wooden plank). The alkaline solution is sprinkled on the yarns till these yarns are completely drenched and then kneaded by hand and feet. This process is repeated for 2 to 3 times a day and continued till the yarns start oozing foam. This indicates the yarns are ready to react with the dye. Now the yarn is washed thoroughly in clean water and is kept in the sun for drying. After washing, the yarn looks dull yellowish brown. The local ash wood has alumina, which ensures proper dyeing of rich, deep, and intense red colour.

(iv) Dyeing Process with Aal Powder: Aal root powder and water are mixed to get a good dyeing solution in a wide mouthed earthen pot. Pre-treated yarns are then immersed in the solution and rubbed with hands to spread the dye evenly. Aal powder is sprinkled over the hunks and kneaded for 15 to 20 minutes. The yarn is then again put back into the earthen pot with aal solution and is kept in the bright sun for one day. Next morning the pot is put on fire and boiled till the solution evaporates completely. The yarns are stirred with the help of a wooden stick, washed, and dried in the sun. The Same process is repeated if they want a darker shade of red colour. Now the dried yarn called Achi is ready for weaving.

Dyeing for darker shade; Iron sulphate is used to get the blackish red and coffee colours. Iron sulphate (iron fillings) mixed with jaggery and water and kept for fermentation in an earthen pot for 3 to 4 days till the solution turns black. This fermented liquor is mixed with Aal dye, and the same dyeing process continues.

It takes 25 to 30 days to complete one cycle of dyeing. Five shades of red and brown are obtained from this natural dye, namely “dull brick red” (jyotilancha), “bright brick red” (kariyaancha), “maroon” (jotilgahir), “blackish maroon”(kariyagahir), “black”(kala) and the white unbleached yarn is locally known as “kora”. The main requirement of dyeing is sunlight and without which the dyeing process cannot be completed, so the best period to dye the yarn is between November and March.

Kotpad Handloom

The men of the Mirgan community are weavers, and they weave on pit looms. Starch is applied to the yarn before it is set on the loom to provide strength and prevent it from breaking and tangling. The fabric is woven with three shuttle weaving techniques for the solid temple border, and extra weft for motifs is inserted whenever required. Tools used for the weaving are Bharni, Tossar, Pawan (Warping Board), Purni, Kangi (Comb), Nathi (Spindle), Chipana, Dongi (Shuttle). Now the minute and detailed work is in demand. So the weavers weave finer motifs, comparatively finer counts, and fabric of different widths, to suit the demand of the market. Once the weaving is completed, the fabric is washed with natural soap, Reetha and Shikakai to make the colour permanent and strong.

Motifs and Designs

Like any other form of weave, the motives of kotpad handloom are passed down from generation to generation. The panikars are inspired by nature and the world around them. Leaves, animals, rivers, farms, flowers, cheeta (leopard), snake, axes, conch, boat, temple, fish, pot, birds, trees, and hut are the traditional motifs, and non-traditional motifs like umbrellas and airplanes are the parts of kotpad fabric. The designs have changed over the period due to the changing market conditions and also as per the demand for the product. These tribal motifs are fascinating and have some symbolic connotation also. Lotus (Padma) is associated with the goddess of wealth Laxmi, the fish symbolises prosperity, the peacock symbolize beauty and strength, the swan (hansa) is associated with the (vahana) goddess of learning, Saraswati, the lion (singha), signifies bravery, authority, and is also associated with the goddess Durga.

Challenges

Like other traditional crafts the “kotpad handloom” has its challenges.

Madder tree (Indian mulberry/Aal tree) is under threat. Though the roots of the madder tree are used as dyeing substances, it may affect the life of these trees in the future.
Since the processes of dyeing and weaving are time -consuming and tedious, the younger generation finds the craft labour intensive, repetitive, and less lucrative and moves towards other professions. There has been a decline in the number of artisans over the number of years.
Kotpad natural dye handloom fabric are labour-intensive and time consuming, so the products are relatively expensive, and considered as niche and luxury products.
Lack of awareness among the consumers about the tedious process of making the products and the beauty of the materials would not share the sentiment and value of the products.
Facing competition from cheap, more colourful and easy –to- maintain chemical dyeing and power loom products.
The entire dyeing process is lengthy, and the dyeing is made between November and March, so there is a mismatch between the demand and supply.
In the absence of local markets the weavers sell their produce to the designers in cities.
Lack of basic infrastructure in general, such as electricity and internet connectivity.

Simplicity in design. (Source: Biswanath Rath)

Initiatives taken

An encouraging step of plantation of Aal tree in the Thenguda village of the Kotpad block in the Koraput district by the government of Odisha in 2019.
From 1985, Panikaras began to get exposure to a wider market by the state government, central government, and designers. Government exhibitions and fairs helped to provide these eye-catching, sophisticated, and outstanding textiles an identity in domestic markets, and weavers started getting orders from Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bhubaneswar etc.
Under the “Kalinga Vastra Programme” of the Government of Odisha, the Panikar weavers are trained and encouraged by the designers to weave full length saris (6 m).
With the intervention of freelance designers, the weaver also expanded the product range to full length saris, dress materials, home furnishing, dupattas, stoles, kurtas etc.
For product development, training programme for weavers with designers of NIFT Bhubaneswar, NIFT Delhi, and connection with the designers to encourage the use of Kotpad fabric.
Technology advancements (e-commerce) enable weavers to sell directly to the consumers and eliminate the layers of middlemen to a certain extent.

Conclusion

The real beauty of Kotpad handloom is that each piece is unique and so special in the traditions of the tribes of this region. Soft cotton fabric woven delicately into black, white, and different shades of red yarns, defines the identity of Kotpad village in Koraput district. These limited but mysterious colours and motifs drawn from nature transform the threads into an art piece that one can wear. For the survival of one of the very few natural dyeing techniques in the country, procedural inefficiencies should be removed, the younger generation should be motivated to weave, the customer base should increase, and a strategic knowledge- driven support system should be implemented.

Image: peepul tree

Few Lines about Kotpad Textiles

The fabric is organic, eco-friendly and non-toxic.
Natural dyes are non-allergic, and non-toxic, so not harmful to the skin.
Fabrics dyed with Aal (Morinda citrifolia), gives cooling effect and hence men wear it as a shoulder cloth or as a head cloth.
Aal tree becoming extinct, so plantation of these trees in large scale is required. (The mirgan weavers claim that, harvesting the root is not harmful to the tree. This claim is based on their traditional ecological knowledge acquired with their intimate involvement with the nature, which cannot be totally ignored.)
Growing demand for this eco-friendly, organic products.
Motifs are mostly inspired by nature, have symbolic meaning, and in spite of being coarse and thick, this fabric is simple and elegant.

References

singhee Deepali “Sustaining the future of the traditionally woven textiles of Koraput”, Journal of the Textile Association · August 2021
Sahoo Manas Ranjan “Effectiveness of Development Schemes for Handloom Weavers: A Way to Achive the Sustainable Development Goals” SKYLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2022, pp. 119-133.
Dhingra Sudha “Dyeing withMorinda citrifolia: In Pursuit of Sustainable future”, Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America ,2016
Rao .B.kotpad/Bastar textile,https://www.facebook.com.
Chaudhury C, the dyers of Kotpad,https://www.livemint.com
Dr. Bhowmik Manas Ranjan and Baidya Shantanu, “Technology and Handloom Weaving Industry: Mechanization, ICT and AI’’ JETIR Volume 11, Issue 8 August 2024.
Interview with master craftsmen,craftmark, hand made in India.
The Red Thread: “Tale of of Kotpad Weaving in Odisha (https:/www.orissapost.com)august, 8th 2018.
Govt of India ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship. Human resource and skill requirements in the handlooms and handicrafts sector,(2013-17, 2017-22)
Tarai Santosh, Entrepreneurial Development in Handloom Sector through Effective Strategy Formulation: An Empirical Study in Odisha, state of India. J textile Eng Fashion techno.2020-6:

The Beautiful Art Forms of Tamil Nadu, Reflections of Tamilian Culture

By

Sherline Modak

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October 24, 2024

6

Art Forms of Tamil Nadu

The heritage of culture that the state of Tamil Nadu is replenished with has its essence in cities and towns as well as the remote corners of villages. As diverse, colourful and ornate as the whole of India, the art forms of Tamil Nadu, that owe their roots to ancient times, are practised and performed even today with enthusiasm and devotion. Here we present some of the art forms that serve as excellent representations of Tamilian history and culture.

1. Bharatanatyam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Bharatanatyam — Image – Sandeep Patil via Flickr

Bharatanatyam, considered to be the oldest classical dance form of India, was initiated in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu and eventually flourished in South India. The theoretical base of this dance form, which is also referred to as Sadir, traces back to Bharata Muni’s Sanskrit text on the performing arts called ‘Natya Shastra’. In Bharatnatyam, anecdotes and stories of Hindu religious themes and spiritual ideas are illustrated by the dancers with gorgeous footwork and impressive gestures. Its performance repertoire includes the three primary aspects of performing arts, namely: the pure dance of Nritta, the slower and dramatic Nritya, and the play or Natya. Adding abundantly to the whole performance, the accompanists include the guru, a vocalist or ‘nattuvanar’ who usually conducts the whole performance, music composed by instruments like cymbals, a long pipe-horn called ‘nadaswaram’, a drum called ‘mridangam’, the string instrument ‘veena’ and flute.

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Bharatanatyam-01 — Image – Jay8085 via Flickr

The Bharatanatyam costume worn by the performers resembles that of a Tamilian bride. A sari is well-complemented with traditional jewellery that includes the ornamental belt worn around the waist and the ‘ghungroo’ bells around the ankles. The eyes are especially highlighted in the prominent face make-up, and the feet and fingers are often brightened with henna colour so that the expressions and gestures can be viewed and perceived clearly by the audience.

2. Puliattam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-puliyattam-01 — Image Source

A group dance performed by young men, Puli Attam embodies the grace and ferocity of the predatory tiger. With attentive details, the local artists paint the dancers’ bodies in yellow, with black stripes or dots, sometimes with darker shades to resemble the eerie presence of the panther. The performers wear headgears with ears, fangs and tongue, paws tipped with claws and even a long tail as part of the costume. Exuberant and bombastic music played on drums and other traditional instruments, add to the glory of the performance which portrays the fearful and tenacious nature of the tiger.

3. Theru Koothu

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Theru Koothu — Image – Krithika via Flickr

Inspired and derived from the Puranas, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, the street theatre of Theru Koothu is mainly performed in the villages of Tamil Nadu. The narrative and dialogues are considerably improvised and songs and music prevail through most of the performance. The play is led by a Sutradhara or director called ‘kattiakaram’ and includes the ‘komali’ who entertains the audience with his buffoonery. Most of the melodies are based on Carnatic Ragas, played across an orchestra of instruments including drums, pipes and cymbals. The costumes and makeup of the actors are flamboyant and extravagant, with vivid colours used to paint the faces of some of the characters, and ornamental designs flourishing the headgear, jacket and lower garments. The classical ‘lokadharmi’ mime is incorporated for the acting technique and the scenes often include enactment of gore and violence.

4. Oyilattam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Oyilattam-01 — Image – Wikimedia

Originated in the southern region of Tamil Nadu, Oyilattam is a folk dance performed during festivities and important occasions. Initially only performed by men, Oyilattam requires the performers, with colourful kerchiefs or flags held in their hands and bells tied around ankles, to move to the rhythm and melody of the percussion instrument Thavil. The dance boasts of powerful and intricate leg movements and its rich heritage brings royal patronage as imperative support. Performed with enthusiasm and beauty, the primary themes of the dance is derived from the ancient epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana and divulges knowledge and wisdom that are passed on to the audience.

5. Bommalattam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Bommalattam-1 — Image Source

The Bommalattam puppet show of Tamil Nadu is one of the oldest forms of story-telling and is associated with religious festivities, auspicious ceremonies as well as the welfare of the community. In the earlier days, it was used to narrate religious stories depicting ethical and moralistic values. During the freedom struggle, the puppet show served as an effective vehicle that spread the zeal of nationalism. The Bommalattam show is manipulated by strings and iron rods that are tied to the limbs of the puppets. The puppets on their stage are seen through an opening roughly about four metres in height. They are manoeuvred by skilled players who have the other end of the strings or wires tied around their fingers and stand behind the stage, away from the eyes of the audience. The performances usually last for a little more than a week, often continuing overnight. The large, heavy Bommalattam puppets are the most articulate of all traditional Indian marionettes and are usually made of cloth, leather or wood, among other materials.

6. Silambattam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Silambattam-1 — Image Source

Based on the dexterous use of weapons and Indian martial arts technique, training for Silambattam begins with honing the physical agility and strength of the performer. The body must be conditioned to endurance and stamina and focus is given upon improving requirements for battle like flexibility, hand-eye coordination, kinesthetic awareness, balance and speed. The primary weapon used is the bamboo staff, whose length is devised based on the height of the performer. Other important weapons used in Silambattam include the Maru for thrusting, the sickle called Aruval, the whip or Savuku, the sword Vaal, the knife or Katti, and the cudgel or Sedikuchi. The graceful and combative Silambattam dance form infuses subtle teachings of discipline, presence of mind and comradeship among other spiritual upliftments.

7. Bhagavata Mela

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Bhagavata-Mela — Image Source

The elaborate dance-drama of Bhagavata Mela has evolved in modern times to incorporate the forms of both Kuchipudi and Bharatnatyam, like sophisticated gestures, painstakingly intricate leg movements and the elegance and grace of expression to communicate a story by abhinaya. The Bhagavata Mela comprises the three primary aspects of performing arts, Nritta, Nritya, and Natya, as stated in the ‘Natya Shastra’. The gestures and expressions of Bhagavata Mela, symbolic and moving in sync with the Carnatic style of music, convey the sentiment and emotion or ras, and the psychological state or bhava of the underlying story, which is generally derived from the great epics and the Puranas. The ensemble of instruments to aid the repertoire includes the mridangam, cymbals, flute, the string instruments and the harmonium.

8. Kai Silambu Attam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Kai-Silambu-Attam-01 — Image Source

A dance of joy and merriment sounded with the jingles of ankle-bells or silambu, the Kai Silambu Attam is performed during the Amman festivals and Navratri. The dance expresses reverence to all female deities, especially the fierce warriors like Kali and Durga.

9. Devarattam

Devarattam-Folk-Dance-of-Tamil-Nadu-01 — Photo – Rekha Vijayashankar

Devarattam, believed to be the ‘rendition of God’, was performed in the courtyards of ancient kings and soldiers when they returned home after a glorious battle. Now it is performed during religious and cultural ceremonies, along with the musical accompaniment of the Urmi Melam, the Thappu Melam and the flute. In their vividly coloured clothes and with their handkerchiefs for props, the dancers embody intricacy and dexterity in their fluid, enthusiastic movements and bring excitement and joy to the occasion.

10. Mayilattam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Mayilattam-01 — Image – RENJAN KN via Flickr

The performers of Mayilattam, or the peacock dance, dress in costumes from head to toe that are replete with movable beaks and elegant plumes, to pay tribute to Lord Subrahmanya’s most sincere attendant, the peacock. Mayilattam is an extremely difficult form of art that requires unfaltering focus and exquisite skill. The dancers attach a piece of wood to each of their feet and execute the gliding movements of the bird, imitating its graceful style. This artistic dance is usually performed in Murugan temples.

11. Karakattam

Art-Forms-Of-Tamil-Nadu-Karakattam-01 — Image – Thangaraj Kumaravel via Flickr

Performed to revere and praise the rain goddess Mariamman, the dancers in Karakattam balance pots on their head and move to the rhythms of folk Carnatic music to portray the greatness of the goddess. Two types of the Karakattam are widely recognised, the Aatta Karakam, embodying joy and happiness and performed as cultural entertainment, and the Sakthi Karakam, which is a performance of worship and spiritual offering.

12. Kavadi Attam

Folk-Dances-of-Tamil-Nadu-Kavadi-Attam-01 — Image/Jacob Johan/Flickr

This traditional dance form (also called ‘The Burden Dance’) is a special form of sacrifice or offering dedicated to Lord Murugan, the Hindu God of War. Performed solely by men, the dancers are expected to carry Kavadi or burden which can even be a pot of milk on the end of a pole, through the pilgrimage. The roots of this dance form go centuries back when the Tamilians would embark on long pilgrimages. To fight monotony, they began writing songs and dances which eventually culminated into Kavadi Attam.

13. Kolattam

This ‘stick dance’ is performed by women during festivals and weddings. This unique dance entails a group of women holding two sticks in both hands accompanied by rhythmic sounds. Originally this dance form was performed by women, however, over the years men too have joined in and participated. Also performed in Andra Pradesh, this folk dance is a perfect combination of entertainment and precision.

14. Kummi

Folk-Dances-of-Tamil-Nadu-Kummi-02 — Image Source

Emerging from the Telugu word ‘Kommai’, which translates to dancing with clapping of hand, Kummi is an age-old practiced dance form prevalent in the villages of Tamil Nadu. It is performed without any music and relies solely on the clapping of the hand as a substitute for musical instruments (there are vocalists). This folk dance is usually performed by women moving in slow circles. The slow speed of the dance is meant to symbolize the harvest period. Kummi is a joyful dance that is done at festivals, during harvests and reunions.

15. Kokkali Kattai Atta

Folk-Dances-of-Tamil-Nadu-Kokkali-Kattai-Attam — Image Courtesy – kavinkalaikuzhu.com

Prominent in Vellore district, this art form is performed by dancers who use long wooden sticks tied to their legs resembling the Crane bird, known as Kokku. Hence, the name Kokku Kattaiyattam. This dance is associated with Gangai Amman Temple festival and is performed by the devotees of Gangai Amman. It is usually performed in temples, but is performed during public and social functions. This art form is performed by male dancers only with the number of performers restricted to even numbers. The Artistes also observe fasting during their performance. Thappu, Chatty, Dolak (Dole) are the musical instruments used in this art form.

16. Servai Attam

Also known as Kurumbarattam, Servaikoothu and Kurumba Koothu as it is performed by Kurumbars, this art form is performed with the help of a musical instrument called Servai. Apart from Servai, musical instruments such as Flute, Jalra, Kilu Kiluppai are also used for the performance of this art form. Only male artistes perform this art form. There is no age restriction for the Artistes. Six to twelve artistes participate in the performance of this art form.

FAQs on Art Forms of Tamil Nadu

What are the performing arts in Tamil Nadu?

There are a lot of dance forms in Tamil Nadu like Bharatanatyam, Puliyattam, Theru Koothu, Kai Silambu Attam, etc.

Where did Bharatanatyam originate?

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance which originated in Tamil Nadu,

What are the main features of Tamil Nadu’s traditional folk art?

Tamil Nadu is a bouquet of folk art, with each having its own meaning and importance, the main features which are associated with them are colorful costumes, lively music, and dance, often performed during festivals.

What is Puliyattam, and how is it performed?

Puliyattam, or the Tiger Dance, is a folk dance where performers paint their bodies to resemble tigers and perform energetic movements. It is typically performed during festivals to entertain crowds.

What is the tradition of Bommalattam in Tamil Nadu?

Bommalattam is a traditional puppet show performed with wooden or cloth puppets. The puppeteers narrate mythological and historical stories, blending elements of music, dance, and drama to entertain and educate the audience.

Few Lines on Art Forms of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu boasts a diverse range of art forms, deeply rooted in its ancient cultural and religious traditions.
Bharatanatyam, one of India’s oldest classical dance forms, originated here, known for its precision, grace, and storytelling through expressions and mudras.
Folk dances like Karakattam, Kummi, and Puliyattam reflect the state’s rural vibrancy, performed during festivals and community events.
Therukoothu and Villu Paatu are popular forms of street theater and folk music, which narrate mythological and historical tales to the masses.
Kolam, a traditional form of decorative floor art made with rice flour, symbolizes prosperity and is an integral part of daily life.
Bommalattam, or puppet shows, is a cherished form of entertainment where skilled puppeteers depict epic stories using wooden or cloth puppets.
Tamil Nadu expresses its cultural richness through vibrant art forms showcasing artistic brilliance, emotional depth, and spiritual storytelling.

Conclusion

As seen above, Tamil Nadu has numerous note-worthy and mesmerizing dances which form an integral part of their culture and traditions. The significance of dance in their lives is evident from the fact that they have varied ways of expressing their interests in the form of dance. Indeed, such fascinating traditions give us a lot to learn from and a lot to think about.

How to Get Rid of Mold in Your House

By

Cscope Staff

-

October 23, 2024

0

How-to-Get-Rid-of-Mold-in-Your-House-01 — Image – Wikimedia

Mold is more than just an unsightly problem. If the mold is left untreated it will cause damage to your house as well as be a dangerous health risk to those living in it. If you’ve noticed mold in your home, it’s important to take action as soon as you notice the issue, and to get rid of it properly. First, you will need to know how to identify, remove, and prevent mold growth, to make sure you have a safe living environment.

Step 1: Identify the Source of Mold

Mold thrives in dark, damp, humid conditions. The most common areas tend to be bathrooms, basements, kitchens, and laundry rooms due to the level of moisture. Common signs of mold include:

Musty odors
Discoloration on walls, ceilings, or floors (green, black, or white spots)
Water damage (leaking pipes or roofs)

In order to remove the mold all the way, you must first figure out where the source of the moisture is coming from. Fix leaks, improve ventilation, and make sure your home is properly insulated to prevent mold from reappearing.

Step 2: Gather Necessary Equipment

Before you start, make sure you have all the right tools and gear such as:

Gloves and safety goggles to protect yourself from spores
Face mask or N95 respirator to avoid inhaling mold spores
Scrub brushes or sponges
Non-ammonia soap or detergent
Distilled white vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, or a commercial mold remover
Plastic sheeting to isolate the area and prevent the spread of spores
Vacuum with a HEPA filter to clean up loose spores

Step 3: Remove the Mold

For Small Areas

If you’re dealing with a small patch of mold (less than 10 square feet), you can tackle the problem yourself.

Ventilate the area by opening windows and using fans.
Spray the affected area with a cleaning solution. Vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, or a commercial mold remover works well. Avoid using bleach, as it doesn’t effectively kill mold on porous surfaces like drywall.
Scrub the surface thoroughly with a brush or sponge.
Wipe down the surface with a clean, damp cloth.
Let it dry completely to ensure no moisture remains.

For Larger Areas

If mold has spread across a larger area, or if it has penetrated deep into walls, insulation, or flooring, you will need professional help from a certified Idaho Falls Mold Remediation Company. Large-scale mold infestations can lead to structural damage and persistent health issues.

Step 4: Proper Disposal

Once you’ve fully cleaned the moldy area, throw out any contaminated materials like sponges, rags, or drywall. Double-bag them in plastic and seal the bags tightly before placing them in an outdoor trash bin.

Step 5: Prevent Future Mold Growth

The best way to deal with mold is to prevent it from growing in the first place. Here are some tips to keep your home mold-free:

Control humidity levels: Keep indoor humidity below 50%. Use dehumidifiers in damp areas like basements.
Improve ventilation: Use exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens, especially after cooking or showering.
Fix leaks immediately: Address water leaks from roofs, pipes, or windows as soon as possible.
Monitor moisture-prone areas: Regularly check areas like basements, attics, and around windows for signs of dampness.
Use mold-resistant materials: When renovating or building, opt for mold-resistant drywall, paint, and insulation.

When to Call in Professionals

If the mold problem in your home is extensive or if you’re unsure how to handle it safely, it’s best to contact a professional mold remediation service. Professionals have the experience and specialized equipment, like HEPA vacuums and air scrubbers, to thoroughly remove mold and prevent it from returning.

Mold is a persistent and potentially hazardous problem that requires swift action. By identifying the source of moisture, using the right cleaning techniques, and taking preventive measures, you can protect your home and health. If you’re unsure about the extent of the mold or need assistance, don’t hesitate to seek professional help.

Molela Clay Work: The Timeless Terracotta Art of Rajasthan

By

Maitri Jha

-

October 21, 2024

0

Molela Clay Work-01 — Image – Ishan Khosla

Molela Clay Work History

Dating back to almost 5000 years ago, the legend says, a blind potter once dreamed of Lord Dharmaraja, who instructed him to dig clay at a certain location and create his sculpture out of it. Next morning, he created God’s image to fulfill the promise he made in his dreams. Later on, the craft was taken up by the future generations passing it on to the offsprings like a culture. Molela clay work or Molela Terracotta has its roots in Molela village of Rajsamand district of Rajasthan. Molela village is popular for its indulgence in creating delicate and enticing artwork with terracotta.

Molela Clay Work

Originally, the clay work included creation of standing idols of native deities and idols from Hindu pantheon, like that of Vishnu, Kali, Ganesh and Durga with complete handmade molela clay work art. However, now, the figures are mounted on tiles or plaques and are decorated on the walls of temples and houses. The main purpose of these terracotta plaques were crafted for tribal worship, where the locals installed these plaques in the village shrines. The locals had a firm belief that these plaques had the ability to cure illnesses and bring good fortune.

Materials and Tools Used

Molela clay work crucially depends on the material. The material determines the quality, durability, and aesthetic appeal of the terracotta plaques. The clay is sourced from a local river. It is the key component of Molela clay work which is sourced from the Banas River and other local water bodies in Rajasthan. The clay from these regions is known for its fine texture and malleability, which makes it ideal for detailed work. Before the usage, the clay is thoroughly cleaned to remove impurities like stones, grass, or other debris that might weaken the structure or interfere with the fine detailing.

The primary colors used in Molela clay work are red, yellow, black, white, and green. These colors are often made from natural pigments like, Red Ochre, Yellow Ochre Black is made using soot or ash and is used for outlines and accents, White is traditionally created from lime or chalk, Natural green pigments come from sources like ground minerals. Each color also contains a symbolic meaning with it in Rajasthani culture, like the red represents fertility and power, yellow symbolizes happiness and prosperity, and green reflects nature and growth.

Other materials used are water and sand. Water is a fundamental component in the clay preparation process. It is mixed with the clay to form a smooth, malleable paste. While sand is added to the clay in small amounts to improve its durability and reduce the likelihood of cracking during the drying process.

Some artisans also mix organic materials like dung or straw into the clay mixture to enhance its strength and flexibility. These additives help bind the clay, providing better cohesion during the shaping and firing processes.

For crafting the work, simple tools are used by the artisans. These tools include, Wooden sticks, combs, and needles. They are used to carve out the detailed figures and intricate patterns on the clay plaques. Handcrafted tools made from bamboo or wood are also used which help in smoothing and detailing.

By using natural and locally available materials, the artisans of Molela ensure that their work remains true to its cultural roots, with an emphasis on sustainability and tradition. This careful selection of materials contributes to the timeless beauty and authenticity of the Molela terracotta plaques.

Molela Clay work Crafting Process

The crafting process of Molela clay work is a meticulous, multi-step procedure that requires patience, skill, and a deep understanding of traditional techniques. After the clay is prepared, shaping the Plaques is the next step. The prepared clay is first flattened into slabs or plaques, which form the base for the designs. These slabs can vary in size depending on the specific plaque being crafted. In some cases, artisans shape the clay into a rough form by hand, without the use of molds, to create more unique or custom designs. Using simple tools like wooden sticks, metal combs, and needles, artisans begin the detailed work of sculpting figures onto the plaque.

Once the designs are complete, the plaques are laid out in the sun to dry naturally. This process can take several days, depending on the weather conditions and the thickness of the plaque. Drying the clay slowly is crucial to prevent cracking or warping.

Once fully dried, the plaques are fired in a kiln to harden them. Firing typically takes place in traditional open-air kilns fueled by wood, cow dung, or other organic materials. After the plaques are fired, they are coated with a thin layer of white or light-colored clay (often mixed with water) to prepare the surface for painting.

Traditional Molela plaques are painted with natural pigments in earthy tones like red, yellow, black, and green. The use of bright colors is one of the distinctive features of Molela terracotta work. Artisans apply these pigments using fine brushes or natural tools.

Once painted, artisans may add finishing touches using natural varnishes or wax to give the plaques a slight sheen and protect the pigments. The final step involves a thorough inspection to ensure that the plaques are free from defects like cracks or chips. Any minor imperfections are corrected at this stage. In some cases, artisans may lightly polish the surface to enhance the colors and give the plaque a smooth finish. However, most Molela plaques retain a matte, earthy texture, reflecting their traditional, rustic appeal.

Cultural Significance

Molela plaques hold immense religious and cultural importance, especially in the tribal regions of Rajasthan. During specific festivals or auspicious events, people from nearby villages travel to Molela to purchase these clay idols and plaques to place in their homes and shrines.

Especially in Maag session, coinciding with the harvest festival, tribes from Mewar region, Gujarat region and region near the Madhya Pradesh border visit the place. Even during the winter season, at the time of rice harvest, the place becomes the busiest. The tribes are accompanied with their community priests called Bhopa who help them purchase the plaque or idol. The tribes carry their idols on their heads while heading home as a sign of respect for the votive plaque. Once reached their native places, the idols are taken to all the houses of the village to bless the residents before being installed in the semi-open shrine or Devra.

Modern Evolution

While the traditional method of crafting Molela plaques has remained largely unchanged, modern artisans have begun experimenting with different sizes, forms, and motifs to cater to contemporary tastes. Many adaptations have surfaced in the modern tradition. Such are wall hangings and murals. Modern pieces are often designed for home décor, with plaques shaped as wall hangings or decorative panels. Another alteration in the clay work is the depiction of abstract designs, contemporary art, or cultural symbols besides religious motifs, to appeal to a broader audience.

Recognition and Preservation

Molela clay work is a part of India’s rich cultural heritage. There have been many efforts put into promoting the craft through various art fairs, workshops and exhibitions. Governmental initiatives and NGOs have also worked to train artisans and improve market access for their products.

While modern adaptations have brought more attention to Molela clay work, preserving the traditional methods and designs remains essential for keeping the craft’s cultural significance intact. The crafting process of Molela clay work is a blend of traditional techniques, artistic creativity, and cultural heritage. Each step is carried out with precision, resulting in intricately designed plaques that reflect the rich history and spirituality of Rajasthan.

Conclusion

Molela clay work is the testament of India’s rich cultural heritage. It is a remarkable blend of art, tradition, and cultural heritage, reflecting the rich spiritual and rural life of Rajasthan. This ancient craft, passed down through generations, continues to thrive due to the skill and dedication of local artisans. With its intricate designs, symbolic motifs, and vibrant natural pigments, Molela terracotta has transcended its traditional religious purpose to become a widely appreciated art form. As modern adaptations evolve, the craft’s deep-rooted connection to its origins ensures that Molela clay work remains an enduring symbol of India’s artistic and cultural diversity.

FAQs on Molela Clay Work

What is Molela Famous for?

Molela is known for its brightly painted terracotta plaques and figurines of local deities and gods.

How do they make Molela terracotta?

Clay is derived from the local rivers of Molela which is mixed with sand, and sometimes with dung and straws. Water is added to it to make it a malleable paste.

What is terracotta craft in Rajasthan?

Molela craft known for its vibrant storytelling through terracotta plaques is the terracotta craft of Rajasthan.

Is terracotta natural or man made?

Terracotta is 100% natural as the base material to it is clay procured from nature.

Few Lines on Molela Clay Work

Molela clay work is a centuries-old terracotta craft from Rajasthan, known for its intricate depiction of deities and folklore on clay plaques.
Crafted by hand, Molela clay plaques are made from locally sourced river clay and are sun-dried and kiln-fired for durability.
Artisans use simple tools to create detailed, low-relief sculptures of gods, goddesses, and scenes from rural life.
Traditionally used in village shrines, Molela plaques are now popular as decorative art in homes and public spaces.
The clay plaques are painted using natural pigments in earthy tones like red, yellow, and green, symbolizing prosperity and nature.
Molela’s terracotta craft is deeply tied to Rajasthan’s religious and cultural traditions, with each plaque carrying symbolic significance.
Despite modern adaptations, the craft preserves its traditional roots, continuing the legacy of rural artisanship.

Festivals of Goa – Rich Blend of Portuguese and Local Traditions

By

Maitri Jha

-

October 17, 2024

2

Festivals-of-Goa-01 — Image – Joegoauk Last Namegoa/Flickr

Introduction

Goa is the state on the Southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region. This enchanting place has tons of visitors, for its mesmerizing beaches like Baga beach, Candolim beach, Palolem Beach, Marijim Beach, etc. But Goa is not just about beaches and its historical sites. The state has more magic to unravel, it’s beautiful festivals. There are numerous festivals held around the year in Goa which are a moment to live in. Let’s dive into the beauty of Goa’s festivals together!

1. Goa Carnival

Festivals-of-Goa-Goa-Carnival — Image – Joegoauk69/Flickr

The Goa Carnival is a vibrant and colorful festival that marks the onset of Lent in the Christian calendar. The festival dates back to the Portuguese colonial period. It is celebrated with grand parades, which have floats, beautiful dancers and musicians in decorative costumes, street performances, and lively music. The key feature is the procession led by “King Momo,” a symbolic figure who declares the beginning of celebrations. The event also features live music performances and traditional Goan folk dances like Fugdi and Dekhni. Street food like Vindaloo and Bebinca are savored by the attendees. The streets of Goa come alive with parties, dancing, and extravagant costumes.

2. Feast of St. Francis Xavier

Held on December 3, this religious festival honors St. Francis Xavier, the patron saint of Goa, whose relics are enshrined at the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa. Devotees from around the world gather for prayers, processions, and to attend masses. Every ten years, the saint’s relics are displayed for public veneration, attracting thousands of pilgrims. The Novenas begin on 25th November and include masses at various times throughout the day. The streets are decorated and a public fair with games, food and drinks make the festival a sweet memory.

3. Bonderam Festival

Festivals-of-Goa-Bonderam-Festival — Image – Joegoauk Goa/Flickr

Celebrated on Divar Island, Bonderam is a traditional festival that reenacts historical disputes over property boundaries. The festival is marked by a colorful parade with floats and participants dressed in traditional attire. The use of mock “flags” symbolizes the ancient boundary disputes, and the event is accompanied by music, dances, and local food. It is celebrated in August (last Saturday).

4. São João Festival

Festivals-of-Goa-São-João-Festival — Image – Joegoauk Goa/Flickr

São João is a festival that celebrates the nativity of St. John the Baptist. It is famous for its unique tradition of people jumping into wells, ponds, or rivers to mimic St. John’s act of leaping with joy in his mother’s womb. The festival also includes colorful boat parades, feni (local liquor) drinking, singing, and traditional Goan food. A popular custom during the fest is wearing floral crowns. People also follow a tradition, Kopel-making, where the villagers craft headgears using flowers and leaves, with prizes for the best Kopel.

5. Epiphany Festival

Also known as “The Feast of the Three Kings,” this Christian festival celebrates the visitation of the Magi to the infant Jesus. In Goa, Epiphany is observed with processions, particularly in the village of Cansaulim, where three young boys dressed as the Magi ride on horseback to the chapel, symbolizing the three kings. The day is marked with prayers and feasting.

6. Goa Food and Cultural Festival

Festivals-of-Goa-Food-and-Cultural-Festival — Image – joegoauk Last Namegoa/Flickr

This festival showcases the diverse culinary heritage of Goa. It features food stalls from top hotels, restaurants, and local Goan chefs, offering traditional Goan dishes, seafood, and international cuisine. There are also cultural performances, live music, and entertainment, making it a fusion of food and culture.

7. Shigmo Festival

Shigmo is a spring festival celebrated by Goa’s Hindu community. It is akin to Holi and marks the arrival of spring and the harvest season. Celebrations include vibrant street parades, traditional folk dances like the Romtamel and Dhakto Shigmo, with participants dressed in colorful costumes. The festival also features the application of gulal (colored powders). Folk musical instruments like the Zanjs, Samel and Ghumat are used during the performances.

8. Grape Escapade

Festivals-of-Goa-Joegoauk-Goa — Image – Joegoauk Goa/Flickr

Goa’s premier wine festival, Grape Escapade, is a celebration of wine, food, and entertainment. The festival showcases the best wines from local and international vineyards, accompanied by gourmet cuisine. It brings together wine connoisseurs from all over the world to savor the delectable flavors of the wines from India and outside. People enjoy wine-tasting sessions, grape stomping competitions, and live music performances. The key highlight of this 4-day festival of Goa is the crowning of the “Great Escapade Queen.”

9. Goa Cashew and Coconut Fest

Festivals-of-Goa-JGoa-Cashew-and-Coconut-Fest — Image – Joegoauk Last Namegoa/Flickr

This festival celebrates two of Goa’s important agricultural products: cashews and coconuts. It features cooking competitions, cashew- and coconut-based product displays, and workshops. One of the main attractions is the demonstration of feni distillation, a popular Goan spirit made from cashew or coconut. Being the fun festival of Goa it includes activities like climbing the coconut tree, a bowling alley with coconuts and boozing rings sewing coconuts.

10. Sangodd

Festivals-of-Goa-Sangodd-Fest — Image – Joegoauk Goa/Flickr

Celebrated by the fishing community, Sangodd is a boat festival that honors St. Peter, the patron saint of fishermen. During the festival, two or more fishing boats are tied together to form rafts, which are then decorated with flowers and banners. The boats sail down the rivers with devotees singing hymns and traditional songs, reflecting Goan maritime culture.

11. Saptah

Festivals-of-Goa-Saptah-Fest — Image – Joegoauk Goa/Flickr

Saptah is a week-long festival celebrated in the town of Vasco-da-Gama. It is dedicated to Lord Damodar, an incarnation of Lord Shiva. The festival involves temple rituals, cultural programs, and fairs. The main event is the procession of the deity’s idol through the streets, which is attended by hundreds of devotees.

12. The Goa

The-Goa-Lifestyle Fest — Image – Joegoauk Goa/Flickr

“The Goa” is not a specific festival. It may refer to Goa in general, its unique lifestyle, or simply be an error in the list. If you meant a particular event or festival, feel free to clarify for more details.

Each of these festivals showcases Goa’s rich cultural and religious diversity, blending Portuguese influences with local traditions, making Goa a vibrant and colorful destination year-round.

Conclusion

Goa’s festivals beautifully reflect its rich cultural heritage, blending Portuguese and local traditions. From the vibrant Goa Carnival and spiritual Feast of St. Francis Xavier to the traditional Shigmo and unique festivals like São João, each celebration showcases Goa’s diverse history and community spirit. These festivals not only attract global visitors but also highlight Goa’s cuisine, agriculture, and maritime heritage. Together, they create a vibrant cultural landscape, making Goa a lively and unique destination year-round.

FAQs about Festivals of Goa

What are the famous festivals of Goa?

The Goa Carnival is the most famous festival. It is known for its parades, music, dance, and street performances, celebrated just before Lent.

When is the Feast of St. Francis Xavier celebrated in Goa?

The Feast of St. Francis Xavier is celebrated annually on December 3rd at the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa.

What is Shigmo Festival in Goa?

Shigmo is a traditional spring festival in Goa, celebrated with colorful parades, folk dances, and music, marking the arrival of spring and the end of the harvest season.

What is Sao Joao Festival in Goa?

Sao Joao, celebrated in June, is a monsoon festival where people jump into wells, rivers, and ponds to commemorate the feast of St. John the Baptist.

What is the significance of the Bonderam Festival in Goa?

This festival is celebrated on Divar Island to commemorate old disputes over land boundaries, featuring colorful parades, mock battles, and lively music.

Few Lines about Festivals of Goa

Goa’s festivals reflect a rich blend of Portuguese and local traditions and it unites locals and visitors, preserving cultural heritage and community spirit.
The Goa Carnival is a vibrant celebration before the Christian Lent.
The Feast of St. Francis Xavier honors Goa’s patron saint with grand religious ceremonies.
Bonderam and São João highlight the island’s unique history and joyful customs.
Shigmo Festival marks the arrival of spring with colorful parades and dances.
Grape Escapade is a premier wine festival with tastings and entertainment.
Sangodd is a traditional boat festival celebrated by Goa’s fishing community.

Traditional Dresses of Maharashtra – The Beauty of Intricacies

By

Sherline Modak

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October 16, 2024

2

Traditional-Dresses-of-Maharashtra — Image – Chandrakant Sontakke

Maharashtrian Culture

Every culture that thrives in India adds to the glorious diversity that the country has always been proud of. The people of Maharashtra have their own traditions that are a reflection of their heritage and a result of the climatic, social, and economic conditions that have prevailed in their land in the long run. The same can be said about the traditional dresses of Maharashtra.

In the Marathi language, ‘costume’ is called ‘vesh bhusha’, which translates to cloth and apparel that is worn to adorn and beautify oneself. In a civilization, costumes are as much of an imperative as other institutions, like agriculture and housing. Beginning as only to serve the basic needs of protection and modesty, garments and clothing have gradually become to signify one’s nationality, gender, and occupation, while also evolving their economic usage.

Traditional Dresses of Maharashtra

The people of a region adopt a particular style of drapery or clothing as well as ornaments which are passed on from generation to generation, retaining its individuality as well transforming in some aspect or another. Such changes and development in traditional clothing are brought about by geographic, social, political as well as foreign influence. Although traditional clothing distinguishes one ethnicity from another, it also emphasizes the unifying solidarity that exists among the people of a particular culture.

Maharashtrian clothing not only pleases the aesthetic sense but also portrays the rich heritage of the state, be it in terms of caste, profession, or geographic factors.

Maharashtra state has been a centre of confluence for various cultures since ages; the Kushan, the Hun, and the Muslims from the north, the Greeks and the Romans from the western seas, or the British imperialists who brought Christianity. It is a land that has been ruled by the Peshwas, the Marathas, the Mughals, and the Sultans. The rich traditions and culture have been preserved and passed on even during times of overpowering modernisation and Westernisation.

Traditional Dresses of Maharashtrian Woman

Nauvari Saree

The most common form of clothing traditionally worn by Maharashtrian women is the saree named ‘Nauvari’, which means ‘nine yards’, signifying the length of the fabric. It has a unique pattern of draping which is similar to that of the ‘dhoti’ worn by men and allows ease of movement. These sarees are also called the Kashta saree. It refers to the way it is tucked at the back after being draped around the waist and legs.

Himroo and the Mashru

Emerging from the city of Aurangabad in the 15th century CE, the fabrics of the Himroo and the Mashru are luxurious legacies that have been passed down since the times when they were special only for the nobles. Woven with silver and gold threads, these fabrics blend both cotton and silk in a special handloom to produce the distinct and comforting finish of the texture. The process of weaving Himroo is more intricate and requires exclusive skill to master the finery of texture.

Paithani saree

The Paithani sarees originated in Aurangabad in 17th century CE. With its intricate gold-threaded zari embroidery and rich colours, these sarees are known to be perfect for exquisite occasions. They are dyed in traditional colours, made from pure silk and contain pretty motifs and symbols, especially along the pallav, which is the portion of the saree draped diagonally across the torso.

Traditional-Dresses-of-Maharashtra-Nauvari-Saree — Maharashtrian Woman in Kashta saree – Wikimedia

Narayan Peth Saree

From the district of Solapur, the Narayan Peth sarees are famous for their broad and vibrant borders. They are usually strewn around with little motifs called rudrakshas, that strikingly contrast with the rest of the fabric. The zari along the border or pallav of the saree is designed with threads of pure gold. The immaculate motifs of the Narayan Peth saree are usually of flowers and animals.

Karvat Kati Saree

The Karvat Kati Saree originated in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, in the 18th century CE. The name ‘karvati kati’ literally translates to “saw-edged”, referring to the designs at the ends of the fabric that resemble the teeth of a saw. This saree is usually worn during rituals and ceremonies. Chandrapur and Gadchiroli are the main centres of reeling activities while the weaving takes place at Bhandara and Nagpur districts.

Maharastra-dress-traditional — Photo by Rosario Fernandes

Ganga-Jamuna Saree

The traditional Ganga-Jamuna sarees of Maharashtra originated from the Solapur District and have vivid colours on both the sides of the warp and the weft such that the cloth can be worn and presented in either way. The Nagpur saree, made of Tussar silk, is unique for its designs of checks and stripes across the body and its ornamented borders. Always kept definite in its width and length, the Khana material is used to produce blouses that are traditionally folded in triangular shapes and offered to God during religious ceremonies.

The sarees are worn along with a blouse called the ‘choli’ as the top, with hooks or buttons to allow ease of donning them. During religious practices or holy ceremonies, the women drape the pallav of their saree over their heads as a mark of gratitude and respect towards God and the elders.

Traditional Dresses of Maharashtrian Men

Traditional-Dresses-of-Maharashtra-03 — Image – Anant Nath Sharma via Flickr

Dhoti’ and ‘Kurta

The indigenous attire of the men of Maharashtra includes the simple ‘dhoti’ and ‘kurta’. Tracing its roots back into the 5th century BC, the unstitched cloth called ‘dhoti’ or ‘dhotar’ is fitted accordingly by the wearer by adjusting the draping that goes around the waist and the legs, reaching up to the ankles. The Marathi dhoti is traditionally of sober colours and includes five knots with the extra end of the cloth being tucked in the front and the back. The city of Nagpur is the hub of producing traditional dhoti. During festivities, the men wear Achkan, Churidar, Suvar, and Pyjama. Made of cotton, the Pyjama is tightened around the waist with a string knot and allows comfort. The Churidar is also a type of trousers that fold into horizontal rings at the cuffs, a style that owes to the deliberately longer length of the legs.

Traditional Dresses of Maharashtrian Men — Image – Yogendra Joshi via Flickr

The ‘kurta’ is a loose, usually light-coloured shirt, that is traditionally suited for the tropical heat of the state. However, it also comes in attractive colours and designs to wear on occasions like weddings and religious ceremonies. The Pairan type of ‘kurta’ has the side-slits.

The sleeveless jacket or waistcoat named ‘bandi’ is often worn along with the shirt or ‘kurta’ and gives a well-rounded look, even during the heat thanks to its light, cotton fabric. A cap called ‘pheta’, which grew into its traditional worth during the Peshwa era, is also worn, usually to protect the head from scorching days. It is made of silk, cotton, or wool.

Kolhapuri sandals

Traditional-Dresses-of-Maharashtra-04 — Image – Piqsels

The Kolhapuri sandals are a traditional symbol that has been around since the 13th century CE. These leather ‘chappals’ are handmade by locals in the district of Kolhapur, a central name in Maharashtrian culture. Open-toed and fitted to the feet with a T-strap, the footwear’s intricate designs are enhanced against its rustic look, usually coloured with vegetable dyes. Although their designs have evolved over the years, the Kolhapuri ‘chappal’ is remarkably durable and strong. These sandals had been most popular only with the menfolk of Maharashtra while the women preferred to be barefoot in the olden days.

Festivals & Maharashtrian Traditional Attire

The festivals of Maharashtra are undoubtedly grandeur affairs, full of traditional dancing, music, and whatnot. We see the ladies dressed in Paithani and Nauvari sarees, accessorized with traditional nath (nose rings), mangalsutra, and green bangles. The menfolk dress up in dhotis, kurtas, and pheta turbans on such occasions. All this goes to prove the close-knit nature of Maharashtrian society.

Revival of Traditional Dresses in Modern Fashion

While the traditional drapes of Maharashtra have a deep historical root, it can be easily seen that they continue to influence the fashion world today. Designers in India and abroad are drawing inspiration from Paithani sarees and Nauvari drapes, giving them contemporary twists. It is not limited to only Paithani weaves in bridal lehengas, even the modernized version of the Nauvari saree walks down the red carpet.

Maharashtrian sarees are often flaunted by celebrities and fashion icons at weddings and gatherings. With a modern twist to the age-old garments, this attire has seen revival. It’s not restricted to women alone, in modified versions of dhoti and pheta, men wear them too.

FAQs on Traditional Dresses of Maharashtra

What is a Paithani saree and why is it special?

Paithani saree is a handwoven silk saree originating from Maharashtra known for it’s intricate designs of gold and silver threads in its pallu. It is special because of its luxurious fabric and traditional craftsmanshi

How is the Nauvari saree different from other sarees?

Nauvari saree is nine yards long and worn in the dhoti style while the normal sarres are six yards long. This draping style allows for more freedom of movement, making it both practical and beautiful.

What holds significance in Maharashtrian culture about pheta?

The pheta is the traditional turban worn by the men in Maharashtra. It refers to pride, honor, and respect. It is worn during special occasions like weddings and religious festivals.

Where did Kolhapuri chappals originate from?

Kolhapuri chappals originated from Kolhapur town in Maharashtra state. These are hand-made leather sandals without any exaggerated designs and are known for their durability.

Do traditional Maharashtrian dresses have any place in modern scenarios?

Yes, many traditional Maharashtrian dresses like Paithani saree, Nauvari saree, and Kolhapuri chappals are worn in modern fashion. The designers have readily incorporated the old-fashioned weaves and styles in modern dresses which are becoming trendier in both formal as well as informal ways.

Few Lines on Traditional Dresses of Maharashtra

Paithani saree is generally a luxury product with subtle craftsmanship.
The Nauvari saree is worn uniquely for the sake of free movement.
These Kolhapuri chappals linger for a long time and can be paired with both traditional and modern attire.
The pheta is an honor and pride for men to wear.
Maharashtra’s various festivals showcase the beauty of traditional attire.
The traditional clothing of the people of Maharashtra depicts the state’s long cultural heritage.
Marathi traditional clothing inspires the fashion world of the modern era since they were rediscovered again in the public domain.

Keynotes

The traditional dresses of Maharashtra are not just clothes, it is a celebration of history, culture and identity. Noted for exquisite Paithani sarees, elegant Nauvari sarees, and many more, this intricacy within the traditional attire of the state leaves everyone in awe and inspiration for both basic wear and modern fashion at the same time. With deep-rooted meaning and timeless, Maharashtra’s traditional dresses emerge as epitomes of the state’s cultural heritage.

Swami Vivekananda Life Lessons: A student’s Guide to a Better Life

By

Maitri Jha

-

October 14, 2024

0

Introduction

Swami Vivekananda was a philosopher, religious teacher and author. He was the chief disciple of Hindu mystic Ramakrishna Paramahansa. He was one of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in his contemporary India and a key person introducing Vedanta and Yoga to the western world. He also helped in raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion in the late 19th Century.

His education philosophy is based on universal principles of morality and ethics. He gave equal importance to spirit and matter, and diversity and unity. He wanted to teach common masses of India ideals of tolerance, and universal harmony. His teachings have left a great impact on Indian socio-cultural traditions. Swami Vivekananad’s teachings focused on the themes of Vedantas and Upnishads. He inspired youth to be brave and fearless. His messages offer a guiding light to the young minds who are seeking purpose, meaning and a path to a bright future.

Swami Vivekananda wrote many books on his philosophies to teach and enlighten the youth. Even today, Swami Vivekananda books for students light the right path for people who read them.

1. Raja Yoga

Overview:

Raja Yoga is Swami Vivekananda’s interpretation of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, providing a guide to mental control and meditation techniques. The book explores various practices such as Dhyana (meditation), Pranayama (breath control), and Samadhi (the state of superconsciousness).

Key Themes:

The power of meditation in mastering the mind and emotions.
Techniques for achieving self-realization through the eightfold path of yoga, including ethical discipline, mental control, and self-awareness.
Practical exercises for focusing and training the mind to achieve deeper mental clarity.

Importance:

This book is particularly useful for students seeking to improve concentration, reduce stress, and gain mental clarity. It offers not only theoretical knowledge but also practical steps to implement in daily life. As students navigate academic pressure, the lessons of Raja Yoga help in maintaining a balanced mind.

2. Jnana-Yoga

Overview:

Jnana-Yoga, also known as The Yoga of Knowledge, is a collection of Swami Vivekananda’s lectures delivered in New York, transcribed by Joseph Josiah Goodwin. It explains the philosophical foundation of Vedanta, delving into the pursuit of wisdom, self-inquiry, and the knowledge of the ultimate truth.

Key Themes:

Understanding the nature of the self (Atman) and the universe (Brahman).
The significance of rational thought, logic, and reasoning in seeking truth.
The teachings of the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita, explored through scientific reasoning and modern thought.

Importance:

Ideal for students interested in philosophy and critical thinking, Jnana-Yoga promotes the importance of self-knowledge and the intellectual pursuit of truth. It is invaluable for those wanting to explore Vedantic philosophy and apply its principles in a structured, logical manner.

3. Karma Yoga

Overview:

Karma Yoga, another collection of lectures by Swami Vivekananda, explores the concept of selfless action as described in the Bhagavad Gita. It emphasizes the importance of work and duty as a means of spiritual growth and ultimate liberation.

Key Themes:

The philosophy of Karma: Every action has a consequence, and selfless actions lead to spiritual progress.
Work as a means to attain spiritual liberation, without attachment to the results.
The idea that fulfilling one’s duty with dedication and detachment leads to personal and collective growth.

Importance:

This book is crucial for students learning about dedication, hard work, and self-discipline. It reinforces the concept that work, when done with focus and without selfish motives, is a form of worship and a path to enlightenment.

4. Lectures of Colombo to Almora

Overview:

Lectures of Colombo to Almora is a compilation of Swami Vivekananda’s speeches delivered during his travels across India after his return from the West in 1897. These lectures addressed large audiences and inspired the youth and general public with his vision for a revitalized India.

Key Themes:

The call for national regeneration, highlighting the role of self-confidence and unity in India’s progress.
The necessity of blending spiritual heritage with modern scientific progress.
The duty of the youth to take responsibility for the nation’s future, fostering societal progress.

Importance:

This collection inspires students to think beyond personal achievement and contribute to the nation’s growth. It provides an essential message of patriotism, encouraging individuals to align personal success with collective national progress.

5. Lectures on Bhagavad Gita

Overview:

Swami Vivekananda’s Lectures on Bhagavad Gita offers a concise interpretation of this sacred Hindu text, simplifying its teachings for modern readers. It is an anthology of Vivekananda’s opinions, writings and comments on the sacred text. It is a powerful interpretation of the sacred Hindu text which combines Vivekananda’s insights with the timeless lessons of the Gita, focusing on how these teachings can be applied to contemporary life.

Key Themes:

The path of Karma (action), Bhakti (devotion), and Jnana (knowledge) as described in the Gita.
The relevance of Gita’s teachings in addressing the challenges of modern life, including decision-making and personal growth.
Practical insights into finding inner peace and balance through the Gita’s wisdom.

Importance:

For students, this book serves as a guide to understanding the Bhagavad Gita’s complex teachings, making them accessible and relatable. It offers valuable insights into managing personal growth, ethics, and the balance between material and spiritual pursuits.

6. Meditation and its methods

Overview:

This book provides a detailed exploration of meditation according to both Yoga and Vedanta traditions. Divided into two sections, Meditation according to Yoga and Meditation according to Vedanta. It includes Swami Vivekananda’s various lectures, thoughts, and teachings on the practice and purpose of meditation.

Key Themes:

Methods of meditation based on both Patanjali’s Yoga and Vedantic teachings.
Enhancing inner peace, focus, and self-awareness through regular meditation.
The impact of meditation on mental clarity, emotional control, and spiritual development.

Importance:

For students, this book is a valuable resource to develop coping mechanisms for academic stress and pressures. The meditation techniques offered help improve focus and mental health, providing tools for managing emotions and enhancing productivity.

7. Vedanta: Voice of Freedom

Overview:

Vedanta: Voice of Freedom is a compilation of Swami Vivekananda’s ideas on Vedanta philosophy, drawn from his various speeches and writings. It presents a comprehensive understanding of Vedantic thought, tracing its evolution over thousands of years.

Key Themes:

The principles of Vedanta, focusing on the unity of all existence, the divinity of the soul, and the oneness of God.
The connection between individual self-realization and universal truth.
The evolution of Indian spiritual thought and its relevance to modern life.

Importance:

This book is particularly beneficial for students interested in spirituality and philosophy. It offers profound wisdom on self-discovery and personal freedom, emphasizing that knowledge of the self leads to true liberation.

8. My India: The India Eternal

Overview:

In My India: The India Eternal, Swami Vivekananda shares his vision for India, discussing its historical greatness and his hopes for its future. The book emphasizes the role of youth in shaping India’s destiny and calls for dedication to national development.

Key Themes:

The glorification of India’s ancient past, coupled with a pragmatic vision for its future.
The duties of Indian youth in bringing about social, economic, and cultural transformation.
Swami Vivekananda’s love for his country and his belief in its spiritual leadership in the world.

Importance:

This book inspires students to align personal goals with national progress, fostering a deep sense of patriotism and responsibility. It encourages young minds to contribute to the betterment of India through dedication, service, and self-confidence.

9. Power of The Mind

Overview:

This lecture, delivered by Swami Vivekananda in Los Angeles in 1900, discusses the infinite power of the human mind. Power of the Mind highlights how individuals can tap into their mental potential using the principles of Yoga.

Key Themes:

Unlocking the hidden powers of the mind through mental discipline and focused thought.
The connection between thoughts, actions, and success.
Harnessing the mind’s potential for personal growth and achievement.

Importance:

Students can benefit from this work by learning how to control and strengthen their mental faculties, cultivating strong determination and focus to achieve success in both academics and life.

10. To the Youth of India

Overview:

To the Youth of India is a collection of motivational speeches and lectures by Swami Vivekananda, delivered to audiences across India and Sri Lanka. In these speeches, Vivekananda calls upon the youth to take responsibility for their lives and the nation, urging them to embrace courage and integrity in the face of challenges.

Key Themes:

The role of youth in shaping the future of India through self-reliance and moral strength.
Empowerment of the young generation to overcome obstacles and work towards the country’s advancement.
Encouraging responsibility, leadership, and nation-building through personal discipline and commitment.

Importance:

This book serves as a source of inspiration for students, pushing them to be brave and resilient, and to contribute actively to building a better future for India. It emphasizes the importance of taking initiative and striving for progress, both personally and collectively.

11. Women of India

Overview:

Women of India is based on a lecture Swami Vivekananda delivered at the Shakespeare Club House in Pasadena, California. It addresses the role and position of women in Indian society, advocating for gender equality and women’s empowerment. Vivekananda’s progressive ideas on social reform and the status of women are the focus of this work.

Key Themes:

The essential role of women in shaping society and contributing to national progress.
The need for social reform to ensure women’s education, independence, and empowerment.
Gender equality as a vital component of a healthy and progressive society.

Importance:

This book holds significance for students, especially those interested in gender studies, social reform, and the empowerment of women. It provides a forward-thinking view on women’s rights and the importance of fostering an inclusive and equitable society.

12. My Idea of Education

Overview:

In My Idea of Education, Swami Vivekananda shares his philosophy on education, focusing on character-building, moral values, and holistic learning. He explores the role of education in personal development and its relationship with society, emphasizing the need for education that goes beyond academic achievements.

Key Themes:

The purpose of education as a means of character-building and fostering values.
The importance of educating women and ensuring equal opportunities for all.
The holistic approach to learning, which includes intellectual, moral, and physical development.

Importance:

For students, this book offers a profound understanding of education as a tool for not only acquiring knowledge but also for building character and contributing to societal growth. It presents forward-thinking ideas that remain relevant in the context of modern education.

13. Work and its Secret

Overview:

Work and Its Secret explores the nature of work and its role in achieving success and personal fulfillment. Swami Vivekananda discusses how selfless, focused work can lead to spiritual growth and how distractions and attachments hinder productivity. The book also emphasizes the importance of balancing the means with the end while working.

Key Themes:

The concept of selfless work and its role in personal and spiritual development.
The importance of concentration and attention in achieving success.
Viewing work as worship and a means to enlightenment.

Importance:

This book is a valuable resource for students, teaching them the principles of discipline, focus, and dedication. It helps them understand how to approach their tasks with the right mindset, without attachment to results, thereby enhancing productivity and achieving long-term success.

14. My Master

Overview:

In My Master, Swami Vivekananda reflects on the life and teachings of his guru, Ramakrishna Paramahansa. He discusses the lessons learned from his master’s spiritual journey, emphasizing the importance of mentorship, faith, and guidance in the pursuit of enlightenment.

Key Themes:

The significance of spiritual mentorship and the role of a guru in guiding one’s spiritual development.
Ramakrishna Paramahansa’s life as an embodiment of spiritual ideals and devotion.
The importance of faith, surrender, and humility in learning.

Importance:

This book offers students insights into the value of mentorship and the profound impact that guidance can have on their personal and academic journeys. It encourages them to seek knowledge not only through books but also through teachers, mentors, and personal experiences.

Conclusion

Swami Vivekananda’s whole life is an inspiration and a guide to learn from and his books for students are a beacon of light guiding them to the right path. His books offer timeless wisdom and practical guidance for students seeking overall development. Through his books, one can cultivate discipline, resilience and a deeper sense of responsibility toward themselves and society.

His philosophy not only gives students insights on self-development but also teaches them about societal duties and a progressive mindset. He is an inspiration for developing patriotism in the youth and building a powerful vision in them for their country.

FAQs on Swami Vivekananda Life Lessons

Why should students read Swami Vivekananda’s books?

All his books emphasize on mental strength, self-discipline and the importance of education with purpose. His books are a great inspiration for students to achieve a better and successful life.

Which book by Swami Vivekanada is best for improving focus and concentration?

Raja Yoga and Meditation and its Methods are the two books which one should use for improving focus and concentration.

How to start reading Swami Vivekananda?

All the books of Vivekananda serve a purpose of enlightening its reader, providing with a meaning and a better path to follow. There is no chronology to read his book, one can pick any book they want to explore and give it a read.

What did Swami Vivekananda read?

Swami Vivekananda read Bhagwad gita and The Imitation of Christ.

What is the secret of Vivekananda memory?

His extraordinary memory and intelligence comes from high level concentration achieved by him.

Few Lines Swami Vivekananda Life Lessons

Swami Vivekananda was a Hindu monk, a great Indian Philosopher, author and religious teacher.
In his books like “Raja Yoga1’ and “Meditation and Its Methods” he teaches students focus enhancing and clarity through meditation.
His book, “Karma Yoga” and “Work and Its Secret” emphasize the importance of selfless work and dedication to success.
“Youth of India” motivates students to be courageous, responsible and dedicated to national progress.
“My Educational Philosophy” emphasizes the need for a holistic education that builds character and values.
“Power of the Mind” teaches students to harness the power of their mind to overcome life’s challenges.
Swami Vivekananda’s writings guide students toward academic excellence, personal growth, and service to society.

Top Traditional Games of India that Defined Childhood for Generations

By

Tasneem Sariya

-

October 12, 2024

12

We quite often lament when we see our kids glued to the TV or phone. Especially during the pandemic when taking them outdoors seems highly impossible. And thus, as we watch a generation of children find entertainment in gadgets and technology, we cannot help wondering and remembering the games of yesteryears. Those were the traditional games of India that took up a large stock of our time after school. They kept us on our feet, quite literally, running around on quiet streets or terraces. They helped us learn about teamwork and deep friendships. And of course, about a childhood that has shaped our lives forever.

Traditional Games

So what are these traditional games that I am harping on about? How are they special and different from the Candy Crushes and Counter Strikes of today? Let’s take a look at some important traditional games of India that have defined childhood for entire generations. This list comprises both indoor and outdoor games, and hence, it is beneficial for both physical and mental strength.

1. Kabaddi

Let’s begin with one of the best-known games of the country. A game played without any gear or equipment it is based on pure strength and strategy. Played between two teams the game involves a single player from each team trying to touch down and break into the area of the opponent team. The player needs to touch as many players of the opposite team while reaching the line. And all of this while humming ‘kabaddi’. It certainly is a game that can keep you on the edge of your seat.

2. Kho-kho

Traditional-games-of-India-Kho-Kho — Image Courtesy – Unbound.org

Again a team sport, Kho Kho is particularly popular in schools. The first team sits in alternating directions while the other team runs around them. The aim is for the sitting team to catch as many from the running team. But it’s a sport that requires strategy and presence of mind. A player from the team sitting starts the game and touches his teammate to continue the chase.

3. Kancha or Lakhoti

Traditional-games-of-India Kancha — Image – Yasser Alaa Mobarak via Flickr

Played with our dear old marbles, kancha or lakhoti is also known as golli or goti. The game is about trying to strike a particular marble amidst many, using another marble. The striker marble is held between the middle finger of one hand and pulled by another before release. There is no set limit to the number of players who can play this game.

4. Hopscotch or Nondi

Traditional-games-of-India-Nondi — Image – Wikimedia

The Indian version of one of the most well-known childhood games of all time, nondi (in Tamil Nadu) is also called stapoo and kith kith. A ladder grid is drawn on the floor and numbered. A stone or any other object is then thrown on any of the numbers, and the player has to hop their way to the numbered block without stepping on the edges or any other block. Played inside apartment stairways or flat surfaces, this game sticks out as an easy game to play in both large and small groups.

5. Gilli Danda

Traditional-games-of-India-Gilli-Danda — Image – Tamil.indianexpress.com

Alright, we have probably heard this phrase several times. But how many of us really know what this game entails? Gilli Danda is a sort of fusion game between cricket and baseball. The Gilli is a small stick that needs to be hit by the danda or the longer stick as far as one can. After hitting the Gilli, the player needs to run to a particular point before the opponent team can retrieve the Gilli. Gilli danda is also known as Lippa in some parts of India.

6. Lattoo

Traditional-games-of-India-Lattoo — Image – Pambaram FB

Another popular term lattoo quite literally means the spinning top. Though the word is also used often in various other meanings and forms, the game itself is pretty simple. It is all about making the top spin for the longest amount of time. And also, mastering the skill of lifting the moving top off with the string. The tops were initially made of clay and later replaced with wood. However, one can find many different tops today in the market, some even with lights and sound effects.

7. Chaupar

Traditional-games-of-India-Chaupar — Image – Wikimedia

One of the oldest indoor games of India, Chaupar finds mention in the epic Mahabharata. Also called Pachisi, this board game was extremely popular in ancient times. Played with pawns or shells the dice is rolled and the players strategize the movement of their pawns. Pachisi can be better understood as an older version of the modern-day Ludo.

8. Pallankuli

Traditional-games-of-India-Pallankuli — Image – Framing Narratives

Another indoor game Pallankuli finds its origins in South India. Played earliest in Tamil Nadu the game spread throughout the southern states and even to Sri Lanka and Malaysia. Played on a board that consists of rounded or cup-like columns the game is played with seeds or shells. The idea is to move the shells or seeds from one cup to another in a clockwise direction till the cups are empty.

9. Lagori

Traditional-games-of-India-Lagori — Image – Compassion.com

A common street game one might often have seen children trying to topple off a stack of stones. One player from the team gets three chances to knock off the pile of seven stones with a ball. The entire team then tries to restore the stack before being out. Played with two teams it’s a great game that requires minimal props. This game is known by different names, including pithoo, satoliya, and more.

10. Antakshari

Traditional-games-of-India-Antakshari — Image – YouTube

This is a standard and staple game which has probably left its mark on family functions, social events, train journeys and much more. A fun game filled with music and lots of soul, Antakshari is one of the most loved and played game. Perfect for any occasion, it consists of two teams. The first team starts singing, and the last letter of where they leave off the song is the letter that the other team picks up and begins a new song. This game can go on forever and lightens up the mood with rhythm and music.

11. Moksha Patam

Traditional-games-of-India-Moksha-Patam — Image – Wikimedia

Moksha Patam, also known as Gyan Chaupar, is a medieval Indian board game. It was typically played on a cloth board with a succession of squares. Some of the most complex boards included additional iconographies, such as portraits or ornate borders. It was a board game used by religious authorities to educate the distinction between good and evil, with ladders symbolising good and snakes representing evil. The game’s oldest surviving example is from seventeenth-century Mewar. Moksha Patam found its way to Britain in the 1890s when it was named Snakes and Ladders. While the British version preserved some focus on moral principles – with images of good and evil behaviours on the squares that bookended each ladder or snake – it did away with the Indian version’s spiritual undertones and complexities. This 2-4 person game has a long history of popularity and may be enjoyed by individuals of all ages.

12. Chupan Chupai

This is a popular children’s game also known as ‘Luka Chuppi’ or ‘Chupan Chupai.’ The premise is that any number of players can hide in a predetermined area that one or more searchers must locate. While the other players wait, one player chooses to close their eyes and count the game to a specific number. After hitting this number, the player who is “it” yells out, “Ready or not, here I come!” and then attempts to locate the hiding players. Hide-and-seek is another name for this game. This game, however, required the capture of all participants. When one person is caught, the others pitch in to try to find the other concealed participants. The chain becomes longer when each captured player joins.

13. Aankh Micholi

Traditional-games-of-India-Aankh-Micholi — Image – Wikimedia

Aankh Micholi is a popular outdoor group game for youngsters aged 5 to 12. This group game is actively played by both boys and girls. The denner, one of the participants, is blinded with a piece of cloth. While blindfolded, the denner must grab one of the other participants. All other players disperse in the wide space in order to escape being captured by the denner. The players are permitted to produce sounds in order to provide indications for the direction to the denner. The denner’s turn ends when he or she is able to catch one of the participants. The denner’s turn ends when he or she is able to catch one of the participants. This person now becomes the denner for the following turn, and the game continues until all players agree to stop it. This game helps players build sensory abilities, awareness, and a sense of hearing. The denner, or blinded player, must make spatial judgments based on his listening talents. This assists the denner in improving his or her ability to be attentive and have a sense of sound at all times. This game also aids in the development of touch sense.

14. Vish-amrit

Traditional-games-of-India-Vish-amrit — Image Source

Vish Amrit is a popular childhood game among children aged 3 to 12 in several regions of the country. Vish means ‘poison’ and Amrit means ‘nectar’ in Sanskrit. It is a popular group chase game. This game is often known as Lock and Key in cities. The denner, one of the participants, is blinded by a piece of cloth. While blindfolded, the denner must grab one of the other participants. All other players disperse in the wide space in order to escape being captured by the denner. The players are permitted to produce sounds in order to provide indications for the direction to the denner. The denner’s turn ends when he or she is able to catch one of the participants. This person now becomes the denner for the following turn, and the game continues until all players agree to stop it. This game helps players build sensory abilities, awareness, and a sense of hearing. The denner, or blinded player, must make spatial judgments based on his listening talents. This assists the denner in improving his or her ability to be attentive and have a sense of sound at all times. This game also aids in the development of touch sensitivity.

There are many other games that most of us can easily remember and recognize. Hide and seek or chuppam chhuppi, langdi, gutte, chain chain, four corners, lock and key, maram pitthi (similar to dodgeball) and many more such games have been an integral part of our lives as children.

15. Posham Pa Bhai Posham Pa

Traditional-games-of-India-Posham-Pa — Image Source

A classic Indian kid’s game called “Posham Pa” captures the simplicity and delight of early play. It can be played in a room or outside with a group of friends, and all that is needed is a playful spirit and the desire to have fun. As the other players disperse and conceal, one player closes their eyes and counts. When the counting is complete, the seeker opens their eyes and departs in search of their companions who are hiding. As they search, the seeker yells, “Posham Pa!” and, when they discover a concealed friend, they dash back to the beginning to catch them before they can escape.

It’s a game that builds relationships between players and fosters treasured memories via strategy, stealth, and laughter. Posham Pa embodies unrestricted delight, bringing back memories of the joy of childhood activities and the small pleasures of companionship.
Traditional Indian games today.

Traditional Indian Games Today

Of course, technology has overpowered our lives today. Children are happy playing video games or online sports. Yet, one cannot say that childhood games have disappeared or lost their importance. Even today, in apartments or closed localities, children often meet up in evenings to play. Their games might include cricket and football too, but the traditional games continue to hold forte in their little hearts and minds.

On the other hand, some traditional games such as kabaddi have thankfully made a huge comeback with the backing of sponsors and sports channels. With leagues and the support of popular sporting and other celebrities taking interest in the game, kabaddi is surely being showcased on larger platforms. Similarly, kho-kho is also trying to find its place and remains a popular game especially at school.

Why Are Indian Traditional Games Important?

Any sport or game should be given an important place in the routine and curriculum of a child. Sports help to build physical and mental strength of its players. However, with traditional games, the biggest advantage is its ad hoc existence. It does not require expensive infrastructure or dedicated coaching. Though the more popular games, such as kabaddi and kho kho do have international tournaments, aside from these the other games are pretty much localized. The true flavour of these games lies in their accessibility and ease of play.

Also, one can look at them from a traditional, social and cultural aspect too. Children get together in their free time and form a camaraderie that helps them build social and cultural bonds. These children come from different families, religions and social backgrounds. Yet, they find a common ideology and strategy plan while coming together to play these games. Whether the children are in rural or urban areas, or from any economic strata, these games do not require them to be anything additional than themselves. Also, not to forget the understanding of real team spirit is often nurtured unaware through unassuming traditional games.

List of Traditional Games of Indian

Click to View the List of Outdoor Indian Games
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Game Name	Historical Significance & Current State	Skills & Developmental Benefits
Kabaddi	Ancient team sport mentioned in Indian epics; now a professional game with televised leagues.	Boosts strength, endurance, teamwork, and decision-making under pressure.
Kho-kho	An ancient chasing game, formalized in modern sports circuits; played in schools across India.	Improves agility, reflexes, and spatial awareness.
Gilli Danda	Rustic bat-and-stick game, believed to be a forerunner of cricket; now fading in urban areas.	Enhances coordination, hitting accuracy, and strategic movement.
Lagori	Stone-pile and dodgeball game; still popular in rural India and school grounds.	Sharpens aim, reflexes, and team coordination.
Kancha / Lakhoti	Played by young kids in rural areas, each region has its unique interpretation of this game.	Trains focus, precision, and competitive thinking.
Lattoo	Spinning top game enjoyed by generations; still found in toy markets but less common.	Builds motor control, patience, and timing.
Hopscotch / Nondi	Traditional pavement game with regional variations; continues to thrive among kids.	Improves balance, coordination, and counting skills.

Click to View the List of Indoor Indian Games
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Game Name	Historical Significance & Current State	Skills & Developmental Benefits
Chaupar	Dice game from the Mahabharata period; evolved into various board games today.	Boosts tactical thinking, math skills, and memory.
Pallankuli	Southern Indian game played with seeds; still a popular family pastime during festivals.	Improves arithmetic skills and hand-eye coordination.
Moksha Patam	Ancient spiritual board game; modern version is globally known as Snakes and Ladders.	Introduces values, turn-taking, and number awareness.
Antakshari	A musical memory game still quite popular at parties or picnics.	Boosts memory, listening skills, and musical creativity.
Chupan Chupai	Common hide-and-seek game still enjoyed by children indoors and outdoors.	Develops stealth, planning, and reflex timing.
Aankh Micholi	Blindfold-based guessing game; part of traditional group play.	Enhances listening, trust, and team spirit.
Vish-amrit	Tag-style game with ‘freeze’ rules; still a playground favorite.	Improves agility, observation, and social interaction.
Posham Pa Bhai Posham Pa	A rhyme and dance game commonly played in circles by youngsters.	Builds rhythm, memory, coordination, and cooperation.

Not for Kids Alone

Traditional games are not necessarily limited to kids alone. Some of the indoor games can be played by families, and are popular with women. Hopscotch, for example, is often usually played by young girls. Similarly, antakshari is a great game that can be played with teams of varying generations. The essence of these games is to bring people closer and help them interact in constructive ways.

Benefits of Playing Traditional Games of India

Traditional games not only help in preserving cultures and help people connect with India’s rich heritage and traditions, but also act as learning aid. They help in develop sensory skills, motor skills and hand-eye coordination. Physical games like Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, and Gilli Danda improve stamina, agility, and strength. Games like Chess, Pachisi and Ganjifa (a traditional card game) help in improve focus, strategy, and decision-making skills. Playing in groups foster teamwork, leadership, and communication.

Key Takeaways

Finally, traditional games of India have a rustic and local flavour to their method and techniques. Their names, as well as the style of playing, are seeped heavily into the local, regional, and cultural nuances of its surroundings. And hence because of this, often these always become much more than mere time passing games. They become a means of building teams, characters, strategies and a deeper understanding of true core values.

FAQs About Traditional Games of India

Question: What is the oldest game in India?

Answer: The oldest game known in India is said to be Chaturanga or Chess which dates to around the 6th Century CE.

Question: What are the 5 traditional games of India?

Answer: Some of the most popular traditional games of India include, Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Gilli Danda, Lagori, Pachisi and, Mallakhamb.

Question: Which game is known as the King of the games in India?

Answer: Chess is considered as the “king of games” in India.

Question: Which game came first in India?

Answer: From ancient origins to modern tournaments, Chess remains one of the world’s most enduring and beloved games.

Question: Which traditional Indian games have international recognition?

Answer: Kabaddi, Chess and Polo are the games which have become worldwide popular.

Five Lines on Traditional Games of India

Few-Lines-on-Traditional-Games-of-India — Image – India Water Portal/Flickr

Traditional games of India reflect its rich cultural heritage, passed down through generations and deeply rooted in regional customs.
Games like Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, and Gilli Danda promote physical endurance, agility, and teamwork while requiring minimal equipment.
Games like Pachisi and Chess, strategy-based games, foster mental sharpness, patience and planning, helping in intellectual development.
Many traditional games have ancient origins, often linked to India mythology and historical epics.
These games contribute to holistic development by enhancing physical fitness, mental sharpness, and social skills, also encouraging outdoor play.
Traditional games like antakshari, chess, are games which are not only played among children, but adults are also a part of it.
Even though technology has heavily influenced our lifestyles, traditional games are still a part of the lives of the children of today’s generation.

Indian Air Force Celebrates Air Force Day – A Spectacular Show That Touched The Skies

By

Tasneem Sariya

-

October 10, 2024

0

Indian-Air-Force-Celebrates-Air-Force-Day-01 — Image Courtesy: All India Radio News

The Indian Air Force is a part of the Indian Armed Forces of the Republic of India. The IAF or Indian Air Force recently celebrated its 92nd anniversary on Air Force Day by glorifying the clear skies of Chennai’s coastline with amazing feats and flights. Air Force Day celebrations have been a mesmerising way of engaging the public and showcasing the might and skill of the Air Force. Though Delhi has witnessed most of these, since a few years, the IAF has performed in other cities, including Chandigarh and Prayagraj.

The recent air show in Chennai threw light on the prestigious role of the IAF and is perhaps a good time to learn a bit about its history and significance.

A Historical View of the Indian Air Force

The Bharatiya Vayu Sena or Indian Air Force was established as an auxiliary air force by the British in 1932 on 8th October. On 1st April 1933 the first official flight took place and the operational squadron with 6 trained officers and 19 air soldiers or Havai Sepoys came into being.

During the Second World War the prefix ‘Royal’ was given to the IAF by the British Empire and it carried out various operations, such as halting the Japanese Army in Burma. The IAF was also involved in various other air operations in Europe and North Africa. Some of the legendary leaders who played crucial roles in the IAF during the British rule include Sergeant Shailendra Eknath Sukthankar, Noor Inayat Khan, Mohinder Singh Pujji and more.

After India officially became a republic in 1950, the prefix ‘Royal’ was dropped and since then the IAF has been involved in a range of national security and humanitarian efforts. It played a crucial role in the four wars and undertook courageous operations that were instrumental in strategy and warfare.

Legendary Operations

The IAF with unfaltering bravery and skill has carried out pivotal operations in warfare. Some of its most notable operations, include Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that led to taking control of the highest battlefield in the world – the Siachen Glacier. Operation Poomalai or Eagle Mission 4, demanded airdropping essential supplies over Jaffna during the Sri Lanka Civil War. Operation Safed Sagar was the codename given for the Kargil War.

Besides, the IAF has also been instrumental in leading humanitarian and rescue operations. They are called upon every time there is a natural crisis or emergency. In 2013 the IAF created a record by making the highest landing at 5065m in Ladakh on the Daulat Beg Oldi strip to deliver troops and supplies. Whether it was Yemen Evacuation, or during the Tamil Nadu Flash Floods, or Operation Karuna or rescue operations at Amarnath, Assam, Meghalaya and Kullu. Whether it was Operation Neer where the IAF airlifted packaged drinking water to Male or Operation Rahat where the IAF was crucial in saving lives in Uttarakhand floods, the Indian Air Force has never let the nation down. For both international and domestic humanitarian and rescue efforts, the IAF has never shunned from stepping up.

Fleet and Flight

The IAF started off with humble beginnings where there were only limited aircrafts and trained personnel. However, today it boasts of a range of advanced and technologically updated equipment and aircrafts. In fact, from the late 1990s the IAF made concentrated efforts to upgrade and modernise its fleet. India is today the fourth largest airforce of the world and some of its most trusted and formidable aircrafts include Rafale, Sarang, Hawk, Tejas, Chinook, Apache and more.

The IAF consists of both foreign and Indian make aircrafts. The Sukhoi Su-30MKI from Russia, Rafale and Mirage 2000 from France are a few internationally made aircrafts in the IAF inventory. Besides, the made in India aircrafts, include the HAL Tejas, HAL AMCA, HAL Marut, HAL Prachand Light Combat Helicopters, Rudra Advanced Light Helicopters, HAL TEDBF, HAL Ajeet and more.

Air Shows

To celebrate the Indian Air Force Day, the IAF performs dazzling air shows across the country. From parades to air shows, the anniversary celebrations are a way to showcase the strength, resilience and achievements of the Indian Air Force. This year, 2024, saw one of the most daring and enthralling air shows themed as ‘Bhartiya Vayu Sena – Saksham, Sashakt aur Atmanirbhar’ (Potent, Powerful and Self Reliant).

Celebrated on 8th October on the Marina Beach in Chennai it was a spectacle to behold. With about 13 lakh spectators this air show has now entered the Limca Book of Records. It was the 92nd anniversary of the Air Force Day and the show was hosted by Chennai after a long 21 years.

IAF Air Show Chennai – To Touch the Sky with Glory

Lakhs of spectators witnessed the spectacular air show. Besides, thousands of viewers watched it online. With 72 aircrafts participating, the skies of Chennai lit up with the colors of the tiranga and the thundering sound of the jets as they flew, somersaulted, looped, swirled and not only made but captured hearts. Set across the hot sun rays shining on the calm waters of the ocean, the aircrafts zoomed across the beach, performing heart stopping stunts with a roaring aplomb. The Sukhoi Su-30 jet performed the loop-tumble-yaw move, the Sarang Helicopters swished past each other in what seemed like inches apart to spectators down below. Fighter jets performed ‘Snap Rolls’ and ‘Vertical Charlie’ and the ‘Red Eye Turn’ with extraordinary speed and clarity. LCA Tejas, Rafael, HAL Prachand, MiG 29, Jaguar, MI-17, Dakota, C-295, P-81, Mirage 2000, Harvard and many other iconic, as well as, modern aircrafts toured and touched the sky with glory.

The Akash Ganga Sky Diving Team created magic with their adventures and free falling stunts. The Special Garud Force commandos enacted and displayed rescue operations freeing hostages. However, the show stoppers, the magnificent displays by the Surya Kiran team wrapped it all up perfectly.

Surya Kiran Team

The Surya Kiran is an aerobatics unit of the IAF. SKAT or Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team has its base in Bidar Karnataka and was formed 1996. However, aerobatics were not an alien concept for the IAF prior to the formation of SKAT. The Thunderbolts were an aerobatic team that were in action till 1989 and aerial shows were also held on various occasions, such as, the 1947 Independence Day celebrations and on the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the IAF.

The first public air display by SKAT was held in 1996 in Coimbatore. The pilots go through a selection process twice in a year and serve the team for three years. With approximately 30 performances in a year the Surya Kiran Team is a delight to watch. During the 2024 air show in Chennai, the SKAT garnered immense love and applause from the crowd as the team synchronised exceptional moves and left trail blazers of the Indian tricolor. With swirls and loops and sky marches, they created some of the best air movements on the blue landscape of the sky.

Also, just to give perspective, the pilots of SKAT are experienced flyers, who are flying only a few feet apart from each other at the speed of more than 500km per hour. The nine aircrafts in perfect alignment looked like diamonds in the sky as they looped, slid and left behind them trails of perfect symmetry.

The air show focused to give insight into the structure and character of the IAF. It also aimed to inspire the younger generation to find their true professional and personal calling in the air force. 21 years ago when the air show displayed its glory in Chennai, 2 boys watched the show in mesmerised wonder. Those two boys were a part of the IAF air show this year and were on the very same beach, albeit, this time up in the air!

Watching the colors of the Indian flag etch long lasting hues in the skies, as the thunderous roars of the aircrafts whizzed past at astounding speeds, visitors at Marina Beach and the many watching the show on screens, could probably hear the national anthem playing in their minds and a sense of utmost respect and patriotism for the place they call home.

The IAF is undoubtedly, one of the most prestigious and honourable institutions of the country. To learn about teamwork, courage, discipline, detail, practice and dedication, the IAF remains one of the highest citadels of education, technology and patriotism.

FAQs on Indian Air Force Day

Q: When is Air Force Day celebrated and why?

A: Air Force Day is celebrated on 8th October. It was on this day in 1932 that the Indian Air Force was established.

Q: Where were the Air Force Day shows held in the last three years.

A: The IAF air show was held in Chandigarh in 2022, Prayagraj in 2023 and Chennai in 2024.

Q: What was the theme of the 2024 AIF air show?

A: ‘Bhartiya Vayu Sena – Saksham, Sashakt aur Atmanirbhar’ (Potent, Powerful and Self Reliant).

Q: What is the aerobatic team of the IAF called?

A: The Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team or SKAT is the aerobatic display team of the IAF.

Q: What are some of the aircrafts that are a part of the IAF inventory?

A: Rafael, Sukhoi, Tejas, Chetak, Jaguar, MiG, Mirage and more.

Few Lines on Indian Air Force Day

An air show that dazzled the skies of Chennai
IAF displays stunning air show on the Marina Beach
Air Force Day celebrations – An insight into the achievements and skill of our air commandos
Learn about the Indian Air Force – Its history, growth, fleet and operations
IAF Air Show – To Touch the Sky with Glory
Speed, Skill and Precision – A look at the IAF celebrations
Sound, Action and Colors – A splendid display by the IAF

Special Wishes for Navratri & Instagram Postcards to Send Your Loved Ones!

By

Rupsha Sen

-

October 8, 2024

0

Navrati is seen to be one of the most blessed times of the year. For the next nine days, there is a sense of celebration in the air, and the occasion is commemorated with passion across the country. Devotees begin preparing for the holiday days in advance, and temples are brightly adorned.

The word Navratri is derived from a Sanskrit word that means ‘Nava’ as nine and ‘Ratri’ as night. Each day is dedicated to one of goddess Durga’s nine avatars (Shailputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kaalratri, Mahagauri, and Siddhidatri), and each day has a special colour associated to it.

The celebration represents good triumphing over evil. Goddess Durga is said to have fought the demon Mahishasur (who embodies egotism) for nine days, with the final day, when the demon was beheaded, being known as Vijay Dashmi.

In different sections of the country, the holiday is known by different names, and the ceremonies and traditions vary from state to state. In certain parts of Northeast India, Navratri is known as Durga Puja. Devotees in the north and west of the country observe the event by fasting, staging ‘Ramlila,’ culminating in Dussehra, when the effigies of Ravana and his siblings are burned, once again symbolising the triumph of good over evil. It is known as Golu in Tamil Nadu, and dandiya nights are widely popular in Gujrat.

Here are some must-share joyful wishes for Navratri to brighten up your celebration!

“May Navratri bring you good health and fortune for all of the nine days.” Wishing you a wonderful Navratri!

“Navratri has a magical quality to it, transforming the mundane into the exceptional, darkness into light, and misery into bliss. Happy Navratri!”

“May the Goddess Durga shower you with numerous blessings and bring you a lot of joy.” Happy Navratri!

“Hope Maa Durga’s nine blessings of name, fame, health, wealth, happiness, humanity, knowledge, devotion, and power are bestowed upon you.” Greetings and love on the occasion of the Navratri.

“Colourful Garba and dandiya dances fill the air on nights like these. Enjoy this Navratri celebration, and may you have a blessed time.”

“May the Mahashakti Maa Durga protect your family from harm and grant everyone’s wishes, and may this Navaratri bring joy to all!”

“This celebration infuses our life with a rainbow of colours. May your life be dominated by vibrant hues. Have a wonderful Navratri!”

“Lakshmi bestows the inherent treasure of divine attributes and virtues. Hope you have a joyous Navratri!”

“May this occasion usher in happiness and success. As the sacred occasion of Navratri approaches, and the air is filled with the spirit of joy and love, here’s wishing you have a wonderful time!”

“May Maa Durga shower you with endless blessings of prosperity, happiness, and health and peace this Navratri…”

“May you be successful in all your endeavours with Maa Durga’s blessings. Wish you and your family a very happy Navratri.”

“Here’s hoping that the colours, beauty, bliss, and happiness of this auspicious celebration continue with you not just for the next nine days, but for the rest of your life. Happy Navratri!”

“It’s time to greet Maa Durga and thank her for all the wonderful things we’ve received this year. Let’s make this year’s Navratri a memorable one!”

“On this Navaratri, let us pray for eternal peace and happiness. May Maa Durga accept and fulfil all of our prayers.”

“Allow Navratri, to bring you hope, boldness, and strength. Wish you a happy Navratri!”

Festivals bring colour and excitement into our lives. Every year, they bring us closer together and dispel any emotions of communal hatred. Furthermore, they strengthen community ties and eradicate animosity from people’s hearts. As a result, festivals are extremely important and should be celebrated with passion.